Communication Skills in a Cross-Culturally diverse Workplace Research Paper

Communication Skills in a Cross-Culturally diverse Workplace - Research Paper Example It means languages and gestures alone can have effects on people from various cultures. In today’s business environment employees ought to be cautious to make sure that their intended information are comprehended plainly. Forbidden topics of discussion, impartiality in political, spiritual and social topics vary across cultures thus creating a challenge for workmates to find a level ground when conversing. Not long ago it was a common practice for business practitioners to create their distinct communication methods in handling suppliers, customers and partners. However presently corporate mangers must take the initiative to learn the cultural differences among their organizations before trying to build a relationship with individuals from other nations. For example a Texan oil baron has to recognize that grabbing his Chinese suppliers arm in a solid grasp is a bad gesture however a slight smile and bow are the suitable mode of greeting. David (2010) notes that body language and verbal communication are more crucial today than before in handling global business because innocent mannerisms, handshakes, and posture can lead to conflict between employees from different cultures of business associates. When change is taking place in an organization communication is further more necessary to carry out that change efficiently. Yet one major issue for present businesses is that transformation is not always relayed effectively. Poor communication during business transformation is said to have a negative impact in the manner in which organizations operate Zaremba (2003). For instance poor communication can lead to opposition to transformation also act as wider harmful influence on business culture? The objective of this research paper is to examine effective transformation communication in the work environment. Regardless of the significance of communication to prosperous business change, how practitioners and experts visualize

The Field Of Decision Making Effectuation Business Essay

The Field Of Decision Making Effectuation Business Essay The creation of new businesses has a significant impact on creating more jobs and economic growth. Entrepreneurial studies have significant results. Personal characteristics of entrepreneurs, market forces and conditions, Industry trends and dynamics can have an important influence on the success of the entrepreneur but also the social skills that helps them to interact successful with others. Entrepreneurs are linked to perform financial activities of new ventures, after other studies proved high social skills is good for almost all individuals. In recent years causation versus effectuation has become an essential subject in Entrepreneurial science. Ten years ago, two terms of different styles of entrepreneurship were introduced called Causation and Effectuation. In the field of decision-making Effectuation is a relatively new theory of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurial process is an inverse of the classical causational process. Many scholars have written different books on this concept but in my assignment I will use ideas and concept of one particular person her name is Sarasvathy. She explained these two terms causation and effectuation in a very nice way. Sarasvathy (2001a) defines that causational process take a particular effect as given and focus on selecting between means to create that effect, while defining that effectuation process take a set of means as given and focus on selecting between possible effects that can be created with that set of means (p.245). She has also given different examples to explain this concept in good way and clarify her statement and difference between causation and effectuation. Using her example which she established in her dissertation (p.245): a chef that is asked to cook dinner for a host. The causation process would mean the host chooses a menu, upon which the chef shops for the necessary ingredients and cooks the meal. Hence, the end is given and predictable, and the focus is on acquiring, and selecting between, the means to achieve the end. The effectuation process mean would that the host asks the chef to imagine possible menus based on the available means in the kitchen: available ingredients and utensils. Hence, the mean are given and focus is on what can be achieved with them. Nowadays mostly entrepreneurs use effectuation model rather than causational model thats why effectuation model continuously gaining foothold in the field of entrepreneurship research. In this assignment, I will address a piece of that gap. If we go back to the Sarasvathy theories about entrepreneurship, Sarasvathy (2001a) indicates that the theory of effectuation is influenced by a large list of scholars for example Knight, Weick, March, Buchanan, Vanberg. According to Sarasvathy theoretical framework. Effectuation inverts the fundamental principles, solution process and overall logic of predictive rationality Sarasvathy (2001a p.2) It is argued that effective mechanisms associated with the discovery and exploitation of opportunities in new markets with high levels of uncertainty (Sarasvathy, 2001). For this reason, Sarasvathy suggests that the success of the first participants in a new industry is more likely to use the process of achieving causal processes. Because the effectuation and has a sophisticated design and prediction, the costs associated with these activities are reduced (Bhide, 2000; Mintzberg, 1994). Sarasvathy (2001) argues that while new businesses fail created by effectuation model, they will fail in initial levels and / or lower investments than those businesses which created through the causal model. Implementing the theory based on the decision of the literature suggests that if decision makers believe that it is a relatively unpredictable, they will try to gather information about the future trends of experimental, iterative learning (for example, Ries, 2011).The elements of effectuation help us to reconstruction experimental and iterative learning techniques that allow entrepreneurs to discover information about the future as time passes. (Sarasvathy, 2001). Sarasvathy describes succinctly the difference in the two logical modes: Causal problems are problems of decision; effectual problems are problems of design. Causal logics help us choose; effectual logics help us construct. Causal strategies are useful when the future is predictable, goals are clear and the environment is independent of our actions; effectual strategies are useful when the future is unpredictable, goals are unclear and the environment is driven by human action. The causal actor begins with an effect he wants to create and asks, What should I do to achieve this particular effect? The effecutator begins with her means and asks, What can I do with these means? And then again, What else can I do with them? (Sarasvathy 2008). The study showed that the two methods differed by five factors Resource driven objectives The first and most definitive part which separated experts from novices was how they began the process of making decisions to create a business. (Sarasvathy,2008). The beginner started with a business plan (with corresponding targets) and market research. Business experts entrepreneurs, meanwhile, made three key issues: 1) Who am I? 2) What do I know? 3) Who do I know? To do this, the employer is strictly inventory of resources. What services or goods, the employer already know how to deliver? When asked who the employer has identified these things were more passionate. Finally, the most extreme effectuators always started with what he knew well, could begin to build partnerships. For example, one participant said: The traditional market research, he says, based on a broad collection of information, perhaps via e-mail. I would not do that. I literally would seek, as I said at the beginning, company key star call; do a frontal lobotomy on them. . . The challenge is to actually choose your partners and yourself early package before you have to put a lot of capital. (Sarasvathy, 2008). This line of thinking is very similar look with Napoleon. As in the Battle of Toulon (Note 4) Napoleon had decided to conquer these strategic resources to rigorously examined and their position. (Duggan, 2009). Similarly, entrepreneurs resources expert study before making a decision. Minimizing losses rather than focusing on returns The second element is that entrepreneurs like to spend only what they could afford to lose. (Sarasvathy, 2008). In contrast, novices focused on the amount that can be expected in return. Ends effectuators not want to spend money. He was careful in spending money on marketing. An entrepreneur may even sell a product that was not available to the client. He built only after the customer wanted to buy. (Sarasvathy, 2008). Forming partnerships The third element is that the business experts differ from novices focusing on partner search. First, he tried to quickly turn customers into partners which come in their new business. Second, unlike novices who focus on competition, experts are diligent in building associations. Refining the service or product based on customer feedback The fourth element is that entrepreneurs specialists recognize that the initial product is not where it should be. (Sarasvathy 2008). When applying iterative information for customers about your product or service, the entrepreneur has the ability to transform. Thus, the contractor is not an expert to say a fixed idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹what the market needs. Instead, the entrepreneur and the dialogue with the market to determine what the market wants. (Sarasvathy 2008). Arriving at a different destination The fifth and final point is that entrepreneur experts do not have a fixed goal or destination. For example, unlike the classic strategic model, the journey from A to B is often converted into a journey from A to C, where C is unthinkable death or diversion. Two thirds of the study participants, eventually selling products or services that is different from their origin. (Sarasvathy 2008). This is another look resonate with Napoleon. Map of Napoleons final battle and the strategic points have changed their plans before the battle. Similarly, when employers use guidance based media must change their original plans of the dynamics of resources, knowledge, alliances, customers and environmental changes. (Sarasvathy 2008). EXAMPLES Following are the examples of effectuation model businesses. Ebay.co.uk Kelkoo.co.uk Gocompare.com Facebook.com Zara Gap Auto trader Ali baba Conclusion Effectuation has big hold on the imagination of researchers because it identi ¬Ã‚ es and questions basic consideration of how individuals think and behave when starting businesses, and it offers on other hand explanation to causation that many believe has face validity. An effectuation model company seems particularly appropriate as it can best be explained how, in the absence of current markets for future goods and services, these goods and services manage to come into existence (Venkataraman, 1997, p. 120). In other words, it seems preferable to describe the actual thoughts and behaviours that some experienced entrepreneurs to start a new business. Therefore, we believe that the application of entrepreneurship and effectuation model is a theoretical model to be tested by the researchers. In this assignment, I aimed to answer the question, what is currently known, in terms of literature, about the relationship between causation and effectuation? This was done through a comprehensive literature review, first realise that effectuation is relatively new but already well established in entrepreneurial decision making, enjoying a large number of species theories and empirical evidence proving its existence. Secondly, it was found that there was only one role associated with the effectuation and start-up performance. Thirdly, I studied the relationship between causation and effectuation although there is a big contradiction as relationship between the two is obvious. The last part of the literature review focuses on other influences on performance that could be distilled from a business plan to control their growth and motivation / intention was the result.

Eriksons’s Psychosocial Theory Essay -- trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs

Janice has led a full life; she has had many different kinds of experiences and had to fill many roles. In order to better understand how the current status of Janice would be the disengagement theory. There have been many events that have impact Janice’s ability to be involved in the community around her. Some of the events that have caused this would be: her first marriage, depression, her physical health and the deaths of her family members. Using theories Of Erikson’s theory of the stages of development, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and the strengths perspective. The impact of these events on Janice’s life can be seen. Along with looking at events that have had an impact in Jancie’s life, there have also been relationships that played a role. Those relationships can be with family or just social interactions gained from groups or employment. If a person’s needs are not met it is hard to function well and see life positively, One theory that helps with discovering how someone sees their life is Eriksons’s Psychosocial Theory. The theory has several stages that happen at different points through life, some people may experience them differently but the process is still present. The stages are: trust vs mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, Initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus role confusion, intimacy versus isolation and generatively versus stagnation. Each of these had a profound impact on Janice’s life and played a role in how she sees herself. During Janice’s early years were positive and she had a good set of parents who cared for her giving her a good start for life. She was able to grow and learn and gained the necessary independence, learning how to do things for herself. In her life... ...tate and self-management of widows. Nursing & Health Sciences, 14(1), 109-120. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2011.00656.x McDonald, P. W., & Dickerson, S. (2013). Engendering Independence While Living With Purpose: Women's Lives After Leaving Abusive Intimate Partners. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 45(4), 388-396. doi:10.1111/jnu.12044 Song, L., & Shih, C. (2010). Recovery from partner abuse: the application of the strengths perspective. International Journal Of Social Welfare, 19(1), 23-32. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2008.00632.x Thielke, S., Harniss, M., Thompson, H., Patel, S., Demiris, G., & Johnson, K. (2012). Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs and the Adoption of Health-Related Technologies for Older Adults. Ageing International, 37(4), 470-488. doi:10.1007/s12126-011-9121-4 Zastrow, C., & Kirst-Ashman, K. (2013). Understanding human behavior in the social enviroment.

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Section 8 SEKSYON 8. Hindi dapat hadlangan ang karapatan ng mga taong-bayan kabilang ang mga naglilingkod sa publiko at pribadong sektor na magtatag ng mga asosasyon, mga unyon, o mga kapisanan sa mga layuning hindi lalabag sa batas. â€Å"The right of the people, including those employed in public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. † Freedom to form associations In large part, this section reflects the country’s bad experience during the Martial Law years, when the right to assemble and form associations was unduly abridged.Obviously, however, it is equally clear that the government can exercise its police power and abridge this right if the association in question threatens the legal order. Section 10 Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. SEKSYON 10. Hindi dapat magpatibay ng batas na sisira sa pananagutan ng mga kontrata. Discusses the â€Å"sanct ity† of contracts and obligations Laws affecting contracts cannot be applied retroactively Aside: all contracts illegal in nature are non-bindingSection 4 â€Å"No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. † 1. ) Freedom of speech is not absolute, neither is a free press (more on that on the next slide) 2. ) Freedom of assembly refers mainly to peaceful demonstrations related to public affairs – Contrast: in Singapore, for large assemblies one must secure a public entertainment license 3. Right to petition i. e. to take up one’s grievances with government without fear of persecution Freedom of Speech – means an individual is free to speak or utter whatever he wants without prior restraint. Right to a Free Press – means an individual is free to write, publish, and circulate whatever he pleases witho ut restraint. Speech and expression refer to any form of oral utterances, while press covers every sort of publication such as newspapers, magazines, books, leaflets, and the like.Radio and television are also included. Freedom of speech and expression and freedom of the press are collectively called Freedom of Expression. Freedom of Assembly – refers mainly to peaceful demonstrations related to public affairs. The Right of Petition – to take up one’s grievances with government without fear of persecution. Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. SEKSYON 11.Hindi dapat ipagkait sa sino mang tao ang malayang pagdulog sa mga hukuman at sa mga kalupunang mala-panghukuman at sa sat na tulong pambatas nang dahil sa karalitaan. states that paupers or person who are poor shall be given free access to courts and quasi-judicial bodies as well as free adequate lega l assistance (or free counsel to defend him in court) Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. SEKSYON 20. Hindi dapat ibilanggo ang isang tao nang dahil sa pagkakautang o hindi pagbabayad ng sedula.

Five basic components of human societies Essay

There are five basic components of the human societies: population, culture, material products, social organization, and social institutions. These components may either deter or promote social change. The size of population will greatly affect the social change. If the population is large, chances are social changes will be promoted. More people will usually result in more ideas, pushing for changes because a larger population will generate more problems and it has a greater need for solutions. A large population will also have more norms and laws and sanctions. Culture includes values, beliefs, norms, knowledge, language, and symbols. Culture can both deter and promote social changes. A society’s belief and values can be essential for technology to grow and develop. Some societies tend to be more conservative and would like for things to continue to be the same, which will likely deter that society from social changes. However, as a society gained more knowledge, there will be people who will want to push for change because of that gained knowledge. New information and discoveries will result in new inventions. Material products consist of a limited amount. Material products will be more likely promote changes because people will try to find other alternatives for those existing products. Social organization is a network of relationship between its members. There are people who hold social positions and political roles that may deter or promote changes. Reformers who hold office positions will persuade more changes in society while conservationist will want things to remain the same. Social institutions consist of the education system, family, economy, government, and religion. A society’s education system has a big influence on the society. If that education system is promoting changes, people in that society will grow up having that thinking, vice versa. A person’s upbringing will also influence a person’s push for change or deterrence of change. The economy’s status holds great importance for change or not. If an economy is not doing so well, changes will likely occur. The government may be pushing for change if a reformist holds political position but if a conservationist will want things to be the same. Religion ties in with a  person’s belief and values. Depending on the religion, a person will be more likely to have moral values and religious beliefs that will either want change or deter from change.

Free Essays on Aids In The African American Community

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition thought to be caused by a virus in which the body’s white cells lose their ability to protect against infections. AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers by killing or impairing cells of the immune system. Individuals diagnosed with AIDS are susceptible to life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes that usually do not cause illness in healthy people. More than 600,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. The epidemic is growing most rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-Americans. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS is six times higher in African-Americans than among whites. African-Americans make up 12% of the United States population, yet 47% of all AIDS cases are African-Americans. This is obviously a disproportional relationship. The CDC also says that whites make up 71% of America’s population; however, only 32% of all AIDS cases involve whites. The CDC also says that over 65% of all pediatric AIDS cases are black children. Without continued study and analysis of the current crisis, the epidemic will surely worsen. The population of African Americans living with AIDS has been increasing, due largely to the availability of more effective treatments but also due to the increasing impact of the epidemic on minorities in the U.S. Estimated AIDS prevalence among African Americans increased by 150% since 1993, compared to a 68% increase among whites. In 1998, the number of African Americans estimated to be living with AIDS surpassed that of whites for the first time. Advances in t... Free Essays on Aids In The African American Community Free Essays on Aids In The African American Community AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition thought to be caused by a virus in which the body’s white cells lose their ability to protect against infections. AIDS was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV progressively destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain cancers by killing or impairing cells of the immune system. Individuals diagnosed with AIDS are susceptible to life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes that usually do not cause illness in healthy people. More than 600,000 cases of AIDS have been reported in the United States since 1981, and as many as 900,000 Americans may be infected with HIV. The epidemic is growing most rapidly among minority populations and is a leading killer of African-Americans. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS is six times higher in African-Americans than among whites. African-Americans make up 12% of the United States population, yet 47% of all AIDS cases are African-Americans. This is obviously a disproportional relationship. The CDC also says that whites make up 71% of America’s population; however, only 32% of all AIDS cases involve whites. The CDC also says that over 65% of all pediatric AIDS cases are black children. Without continued study and analysis of the current crisis, the epidemic will surely worsen. The population of African Americans living with AIDS has been increasing, due largely to the availability of more effective treatments but also due to the increasing impact of the epidemic on minorities in the U.S. Estimated AIDS prevalence among African Americans increased by 150% since 1993, compared to a 68% increase among whites. In 1998, the number of African Americans estimated to be living with AIDS surpassed that of whites for the first time. Advances in t...

Essay on Paradoxes Paradox and w. V. Quine

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Key Facts About Edmonton, the Capital of Alberta

Key Facts About Edmonton, the Capital of Alberta Edmonton is the capital city of the province of Alberta, Canada. Sometimes called Canadas Gateway to the North, Edmonton is the farthest north of Canadas large cities and has important road, rail and air transportation links. About Edmonton, Alberta From its beginnings as a Hudsons Bay Company fur trading fort, Edmonton has evolved into a city with a wide range of cultural, sporting and tourist attractions, and is the host of more than two dozen festivals each year. Most of Edmontons population works in the service and trade industries, as well as in the municipal, provincial and federal governments. Location of Edmonton Edmonton is located on the North Saskatchewan River, near the center of the province of Alberta. You can see  more about the city in these maps of  Edmonton. It is the northernmost large city in Canada and, therefore, the northernmost city in North America. Area Edmonton is 685.25 sq. km (264.58 sq. miles), according to Statistics Canada. Population As of the 2016 Census, Edmontons population was 932,546 people, making it the second-largest city in Alberta, after Calgary. It is the fifth-largest city in Canada. More Edmonton City Facts Edmonton was incorporated as a town in 1892 and as a city in 1904. Edmonton became the capital city of Alberta in 1905. Government of City of Edmonton Edmonton municipal elections are held every three years on the third Monday in October. The last Edmonton municipal election was held on Monday, Oct. 17, 2016, when Don Iveson was re-elected as mayor. The city council of Edmonton, Alberta is made up of 13 elected representatives: one mayor and 12 city councilors. Edmonton Economy Edmonton is a hub for the oil and gas industry (hence the name of its National Hockey League team, the Oilers). It is also well-regarded for its research and technology industries. Edmonton Attractions Major attractions in Edmonton include West Edmonton Mall (the largest mall in North America), Fort Edmonton Park, the Alberta Legislature, the Royal Alberta Museum, Devonian Botanic Garden and the Trans Canada Trail. There are also several sports arenas, including Commonwealth Stadium, Clarke Stadium and Rogers Place. Edmonton Weather Edmonton has a fairly dry climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Summers in Edmonton are hot and sunny. Although July is the month with the most rain, showers and thunderstorms are usually short. July and August have the warmest temperatures, with highs around 75 F (24 C). Summer days in June and July in Edmonton bring 17 hours of daylight. Winters in Edmonton are less severe than in many other Canadian cities, with low humidity and less snow. Although the winter temperature can dip to -40 C/F, the cold spells last only a few days and usually come with sunshine. January is the coldest month in Edmonton, and the wind chill can make it feel much colder.

Public Transport Systems and Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Transport Systems and Pollution - Essay Example Due to the interference with national balance, production of different raw materials that are used in the manufacturing industry are affected, which consequently constraints the industry. The issue of pollution, which is global and not regional is evident in all states across the globe, although some have taken significant steps to address the menace. This essay will deeply examine the issue of pollution laying special focus on the effects of pollution on the on human health and environment, fish stocks, forestry sectors of the economy. This essay will also discuss the relationship between public transport systems and pollution as well as focus on the cost of climate change. Air pollution has led to various adverse effects to forestry department and the industries in the sector. Pollutants that are known to cause much harm to trees are oxidants, fluorides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile hydrocarbons (Gifford, 2006, p. 60). Oxidants react with the sunlight to produce toxins such as peroxyl acetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone that are harmful to the trees. Ozone is commonly found in the upper strata of the atmosphere but, is considered to be highly harmful once found near the ground. High levels of these greenhouse gases easily damage trees and can easily wipe out an entire forest, which poses a threat to the industries in the field. Pollutants resulting from sulfur dioxide arise as a result of burning oil or coal to produce energy. They are also formed during the extraction of ores and when manufacturing products. Other manmade chemicals such as herbicide, pesticides, and fertilizers do detriment trees. Public transport systems have contributed to air pollution in a great way. Fuels used by the current means of transportation emit harmful chemicals once combusted with carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide being very common. Mining undertakings are similarly key players in the issue of pollution.  

Analysis of Promotional Program Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Can the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) emulate the model of the EU Essay

Can the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) emulate the model of the EU - Essay Example Despite this noticeable difference between the EU and the GCC, the former can still share its experience on enhancing the performance of regional agencies, managing the adjustment costs created by reducing barriers, and achieving integration, with the Arab world. The Arab and European countries meeting correspondingly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the European Union (EU), while having crucial political and strategic commonalities, have generated markedly different wide-ranging pattern of strategic relations and issues in the last two to three decades.1 Both have particular interests in their corresponding region, on the one hand, and tremendously important global alliances, on the other. Nevertheless, it is unquestionable that the GCC countries have progressed globally more than the EU, particularly on political status, whilst the EU has concentrated on its region and organised its regional structure far more radically than the GCC.2 Ultimately, whilst both the EU and the GCC countries have a critical, but distinct security and political relations with the United States, the latter are at present basically directed towards Asia from a strategic framework, whilst the EU is directed towards its own region and North America3, with t he GCC serving an absolutely more isolated role. Nevertheless, argument for the EU as an exemplar for other regional integration contexts could be restricted, given the distinctive conditions in which it was built and endorsed. Founded due to conflicts, the EU gained from particular events in its expansion, such as the developed character of the European economies, the United States pledge and fostering role, and the Cold War, which are not located anywhere else.4 It would hence appear more relevant to apply the experience of EU not as a blueprint or paradigm to evaluate the failure or success of the GCC regional integration

Healthcare Delivery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Healthcare Delivery - Essay Example In most situations, nurses take the big role of consoling patients as they patiently wait for the doctor. This issue can arguably said to be contributed by the fact that doctors are not well paid thus, they go abroad to seek for greener pastures where they can get good salary (Lundy and Janes 121). In addition, it is also evident that due to low remuneration form in the public sector, many doctors opt to operate private clinics where they have potential of earning good money. As a result, public hospitals record shortage of doctors. On the other hand, it is evident that due to shortage of doctors in public hospitals, the few available doctors are overwork as a result of attending to many patients without enough rest. When this happens, studies have documented that employees who overwork tend to offer poor quality services to their clients. In this regard, it is evident that the doctors would not be in a position to offer quality care to the patients due to exhaustion. In another dime nsion, current studies have also shown that motivation is a crucial element required for employees to produce quality work. Nevertheless, when employees are not motivated, they end not giving top results. In light of this, the bottom line is that since the few available doctors in the public hospitals receive low salaries and few incentives to motivate them, they feel not motivated to devote all their professionalism when attending to patients (Lundy and Janes 121). In addition, although some of the few available doctors in public hospitals may be seen in the office, most of them just appear there for a few hours and leave for their other assignments which include attending to their patients on their private clinics of other businesses that would help in supplementing the deficit they feel exists as a result of low salary by the government. The latter is that many patients will spend many hours queuing as they wait to see the doctor only to be turned down when the doctor walks away. Some doctors keep on changing or postponing patients’ appointments due to their busy schedule. The end result of all these deliberations is the provision of low quality services in the healthcare delivery. The other important issue of concern is the high cost of medical. Medical processes including diagnosis, testing, emergency care, specialist, admission costs and prescriptions have been a challenge to many people in the United States. For instance, some tests are considered costly to middle class and poor people in the United States. A specialised test that requires special machinery and chemicals may be expensive for ordinary people. In addition, some diseases require specialist to attend. The problem is when such specialists are few in the public hospitals (Lundy and Janes 122). In fact, most of the specialist operates private clinics. Therefore, the cost of seeing and getting help from them becomes high for ordinary people. It is also evident that staying in hospital fo r a long time translates to more money required to settle the hospital bills. This would be a problem to people who are not enrolled to any of the healthcare programs subsidized by the government. On the same note, even after being dispatched from the hospital, some people may not be able to take care of themselves due to high cost of after care services and other prescriptions required for recovery. In this regard, they are bound to look for cheap alternatives that do not lender good and quality services. Conclusion It

E Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E Human Resource - Essay Example E Human Resource is referred to the management, regulation and use of electronic processes and information relating to human resource and the employment laws. It is an extremely broad term and has been continuously evolving in its field. With the emerging trends like globalization, customer orientation, and specialization, companies have been especially emphasising on recruitments, evolution and sustainment of qualified employees. Companies have gained extensive awareness about the fact that human resources have been gradually transforming from being a cost factor to a success factor. They have also realized that a shrinking population and a shrinking workforce would be the most crucial crisis in the years to come. Many of the activities of the human resource departments can be delegated to the employees using the modern system f information and technology. Electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRM) is a tool which is web based and which helps in automating and supporting the human resource processes. Implementing e-HRM would provide the opportunity to delegate the process of data entry to employees themselves. Moreover it facilitates the use of human resource marketplaces (e-Recruitment) and allows greater amount of self service to employees (Biesalski, n.d., p.1). It is the outcome of the combination of various technologies. Firstly the growing importance of the knowledge factor in organizations has been the driving force behind the evolution of IT. Information systems like e-HRM that provides information allows companies to gain comprehensive and consistent concept for knowledge management. It is important to explain the concept of knowledge management in this regard. Knowledge management is considered to be a collection of various techniques. Using this large variety of techniques, organizations are able to acquire knowledge, organize the knowledge and finally make the knowledge transparent. Intelligent data analysis and e-HRM combined helps to disburden the employees of the human resource

Management Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management Accounting - Case Study Example Management accounting is â€Å"the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control the activities of an organization†. As this definition suggests our management accounting department has a wide scope of responsibilities that involves the presentation of information to all levels of management within our company. This information is further used by management to assist in planning and decision-making activities. Our Management Accounting department is also heavily involved in budgeting process along with establishing procedures and culminating subsidiary budgets into an overall master budget. This report aims to acquaint you with how the Management Accounting department uses variance analysis within the management processes of the company. As variance analysis has become an integral tool in decision-making within the organization, it is important that a ll everyone grasps this important concept. In relation to this, this report will compare traditional variance analysis and operational and planning variance. A major source of data for our department is the costing records and accounts. Cost accounting is the essential aspect of every business organization. In the simplest sense, cost accounting can be defined as â€Å"process of tracking, recording and analyzing costs associated with the activity of an organization, where cost is defined as 'required time or resources' (Cost Accounting 2006).† In essence, cost accounting is a field in management accounting which is tasked to give numerical values or figures to each activity in a company's supply chain. The method which is

E Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E Human Resource - Essay Example E Human Resource is referred to the management, regulation and use of electronic processes and information relating to human resource and the employment laws. It is an extremely broad term and has been continuously evolving in its field. With the emerging trends like globalization, customer orientation, and specialization, companies have been especially emphasising on recruitments, evolution and sustainment of qualified employees. Companies have gained extensive awareness about the fact that human resources have been gradually transforming from being a cost factor to a success factor. They have also realized that a shrinking population and a shrinking workforce would be the most crucial crisis in the years to come. Many of the activities of the human resource departments can be delegated to the employees using the modern system f information and technology. Electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRM) is a tool which is web based and which helps in automating and supporting the human resource processes. Implementing e-HRM would provide the opportunity to delegate the process of data entry to employees themselves. Moreover it facilitates the use of human resource marketplaces (e-Recruitment) and allows greater amount of self service to employees (Biesalski, n.d., p.1). It is the outcome of the combination of various technologies. Firstly the growing importance of the knowledge factor in organizations has been the driving force behind the evolution of IT. Information systems like e-HRM that provides information allows companies to gain comprehensive and consistent concept for knowledge management. It is important to explain the concept of knowledge management in this regard. Knowledge management is considered to be a collection of various techniques. Using this large variety of techniques, organizations are able to acquire knowledge, organize the knowledge and finally make the knowledge transparent. Intelligent data analysis and e-HRM combined helps to disburden the employees of the human resource

War and Peace Among People and nations Research Paper

War and Peace Among People and nations - Research Paper Example War can be defined as organized conflict carried out by countries, states, organizations and even gangs. With war comes economic social and civil disruption and upset of power in society. War started out as small raids way before mankind’s civilization. Civilization according to the new world encyclopedia is where people live together as societies so as to form settled dwellings and cities. Before this, war was just for food and territory between a few. With civilization and the progress of mankind the reasons changed from physical to ideological as was seen in the world wars and more so in the cold war between capitalist and communist ideology. There many reasons why humans state and sovereign nations go to war. Natural Resources have been a key factor in most wars, land, minerals, money. The gulf war for example was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on 2nd August 1990. Some of the major reasons for the invasion as stated by the then President Saddam were that Kuw ait was in essence a province of Iraq. He was very bitter that Iraq remained landlocked and claimed that before the British colonialist drew up the boarders they were one with Kuwait. Another reason was that Kuwait was overproducing oil and exporting it at a lower price and it affected the market. This was generally not good for Iraq which had just come from the Iraq-Iran war. Her economy had weakened and she was deeply in debt. But there are also noble reasons why humans go to war. The united states civil war to liberate black Americans from slavery and to salvage a country and that is one of the major factor that has led to the prosperity of the united states of America. Humans also go to war to gain freedom from oppression and to stop human rights abuse this has been seen mostly in African countries through civil wars and uprisings against dictator’s and violent oppressors. In world war two, states went to war to stop Hitler who was responsible for mass killing and discrim ination in his country. The mass slaughter of innocent citizens pushed many people from all over the world to enlist into the war against the Nazi regime. Hitler’s mad regime had to be stopped at all cost. His declaration of war against France and Britain made him a threat to the people of the two nations . The USA justified it joining the gulf by stating it had geopolitical interest in the region and that the attack on sovereign Kuwait was unacceptable. In some cases justifications are vague allied interest tend to give the impression of an underling agenda. Extremist and terrorist groups criticize outside influence and blame it on the lack of prosperity and development in their own countries. Some have religious justification, they believe that certain groups of people are cursed because of diversity. War however is but one of many other ways to solve conflict. International sanctions is one method that has proven effective to countries and leaders who violate human rights and oppress there people. During the gulf war, the UN gave heavy sanctions that were carried out against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait. Navy blockades were placed all around to enforce the blockade. Sanctions are one way of ensuring that co-operation since they stopped the country’s import and export suffocating its economy and starving her. Germany too suffered huge loss to such a point that had to ration out food due to a British blockade that stop any ship

The Bbc And The Public Service Broadcasting Media Essay

The Bbc And The Public Service Broadcasting Media Essay John Reith had founded BBC in 1922, to inform, educate and entertain. In the 1930s the BBC expands by the construction of Broadcasting House, the first ever purpose-built broadcast center in the UK. The BBC creates an ever expanding range of radio broadcasts across arts, education and news, launches the Empire Service, and experiments with the worlds first ever regular TV service under John Logie Baird. The TV service closes during World War 2, which makes BBC radio crucial. Winston Churchill makes his famous inspirational speeches over the BBC airwaves, and BBC news becomes a lifeline for countless listeners in the UK and around the world. Radio also launches some of its long-running programs such as Womans Hour and Book at Bedtime; and creates the groundbreaking Third Programme. The 1950s is the decade of television. In 1953, 20 million BBC viewers watched Elizabeth II crowned. Following television innovations include Attenboroughs Zoo Quest, Blue Peter for children, the creation o f daily news bulletins and analysis programs such as Panorama, and the first ever British TV soap. The building of the first ever purpose-built TV center in the world takes place in the 1960s. In this decade also a momentous technological breakthrough happens, as the nation gasps at pictures of man on the moon and observes the transition to new color television. In the 1970s, Morecambe and Wise make the whole nation laugh. The Family shows us ourselves as never before in the first fly-on-the-wall documentary. Drama expands to span both the dark and the literary, from Dennis Potter to the BBC Shakespeare Project. A devastated world gives a new focus to the BBC in the 1980s. One of the largest TV audiences ever is recorded for Charles and Dianas wedding and the BBC launches its most popular TV soap of all time, EastEnders. In the 1990s BBC enters the digital age in this decade, developing a range of digital broadcasting and internet services. Also news goes 24 hours, Princess Diana do minates the documentary headlines and by the end of the 1990s, 19 million people watch her funeral. The 2000s is the digital decade, the BBC responds to audiences need to have program content anytime, any place, anywhere. The IBBC iPlayer launches successfully at the end of 2007, which gives viewers in the UK the opportunity to catch up on programs screened over the previous seven days. Also the BBC website grows fast with an average of 3.6 billion hits per month. http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/innovation/index.shtml 3. What are the implications of the 1954 Television Act? The Television Act of 1954 created Independent Television, a new advertising-financed service, to compete with BBC. This of course caused implications for the BBC, since they were no longer the only commercial television. http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=britishtelev 4. What was the influence of the introduction of commercial television? 5. What is included in the Television broadcasting Act of 1990? Rules introduced on cross-media holdings to prevent ownership being concentrated in too few hands. National newspaper owners prevented from holding more than a 20% stake in TV companies, with similar restrictions on cross-ownership between commercial TV, satellite TV and national radio stations. Loophole controversially protected Rupert Murdoch on basis that Sky was defined as a non-UK service. Continental companies allowed bidding for licenses or taking over license-holders. Companies allowed owning more than one license: holders of one of nine large franchises (e.g. north-west England) also allowed controlling one of six small franchises (e.g. south-west England). Independent Television Commission (ITC) becomes new light touch regulator governing terrestrial and cable-satellite services, with key task of awarding 15 ITV regional licenses and national breakfast license by auction: license to go to highest bidder, assuming it meets quality threshold and ITC does not invoke exceptional circumstances to choose an under bidder. Radio Authority set up, awarding licenses (also by competitive tender, i.e. auction) for three new national commercial stations and for many more local commercial stations. Broadcasting Standards Council given statutory status, although rulings not binding. Channel 5 to be set up, with license awarded by auction. Channel 4 to lose its link with ITV by being allowed to sell its own advertising, but not (as the free-marketers would have preferred) to be privatized. Advertisers had lobbied for the competition in the sale of air-time this ensured, but no one knew if the channel could generate enough ad revenue without compromising program standards. Hence the safety net 14% of all commercial terrestrial ad revenue (the funding formula) protecting its funding. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2000/nov/20/broadcasting.mondaymediasection2 An Act to make new provision with respect to the provision and regulation of independent television and sound program services and of other services provided on television or radio frequencies; to make provision with respect to the provision and regulation of local delivery services; to amend in other respects the law relating to broadcasting and the provision of television and sound program services and to make provision with respect to the supply and use of information about programs; to make provision with respect to the transfer of the property, rights and liabilities of the Independent Broadcasting Authority and the Cable Authority and the dissolution of those bodies; to make new provision relating to the Broadcasting Complaints Commission; to provide for the establishment and functions of a Broadcasting Standards Council; to amend the Wireless Telegraphy Acts 1949 to 1967 and the Marine, c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967; to revoke a class license granted under the Telecommu nications Act 1984 to run broadcast relay systems; and for connected purposes. http://www.palermo.edu/cele/pdf/Regulaciones/ReinoUnidoBroadcastingAct(1990).pdf 6. What is the role of BBCs Royal Charter, the BBC Trust and Ofcom?  »Ã‚ ¿The Royal Charter is the legal basis for the BBC. It sets out the public purposes of the BBC, guarantees its independence, and outlines the duties of the Trust and the Executive Board. The word trust is used in the name of the BBC Trust in an informal sense, to suggest a body which discharges a public trust as guardian of the public interest. The word is not used in its technical legal sense, and it is not intended to imply that the members of the Trust are to be treated as trustees of property or to be subject to the law relating to trusts or trustees. Ofcom means the Office of Communications; http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/about/how_we_govern/charter.pdf http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/governance/regulatory_framework/charter_agreement.html 7. What broadcasting stations exist in the UK? Mention history, type of station, target audience and mission of the station. 8. What are the trends in television viewing in the UK? 9. What are the advantages of new forms of television viewing? 10. How is the television market financed in the UK? 11. What are the expectations for the future television landscape in the UK? (From a broadcasters point of view) 12. What is cross-media ownership?

In Which Of The 13 English Colonies Would You Have Preferred To Live? :: Informative, Personal Experience

I would have preferred to live in Pennsylvania out of all the thirteen colonies. Pennsylvania was a very prosperous colony due to the fact that everyone had economic opportunity. Also, the people had civil liberty, allowing them to surpass the other colonies that had multiple restrictions. In addition, they had religious freedom unlike other colonies. Pennsylvania had many great features compared to the other colonies. In Pennsylvania, progress was made toward social reform. No provisions had been made in order to receive military defense. This colony promoted peace. Also, no restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturalization was made easy, making it easier for new immigrants to move there. Many people in the colony disliked the idea of black slavery. Therefore, all of the social characteristics made it easier for the citizens to grasp the concept that there was no need for contradictions in social status. There were many economic opportunities in Pennsylvania. The soil was fertile and there was plenty of land. Grain was a big export here and earned Pennsylvania the title as one of the "bread colonies". The water was also very clean, which helped to prevent diseases. The economic characteristics of Pennsylvania helped the economy to prosper. Due to the fact that Pennsylvania was liberal, it helped it in politics, religion, and with ethnic ties. Pennsylvania had a representative assembly, voted by landowners. The colonists had freedom of worship and a "no tax-supported church". The rich mix of ethnic groups helped the colonists learn more about other cultures and also helped to bring forth new traditions. Therefore, liberation helped gain strength in the political, religious, and ethnic ties in Pennsylvania.

Use of Language in Journeys End by RC Sheriff :: Journeys End Essays

The Use of Language in Journey's End Journey’s End was R.C. Sherriff’s only major theatrical production and had had relatively little experience of playwriting before. However, the language in the play does not show any evidence of this. Being set in the trenches in the Great War, and being with a serious, ingrained message, the play needed to be presented to the audience powerfully and effectively. The language needed to show the characters and their language as they would have been had they had actually been in the trenches at the time and make sure that they were as realistic as possible. Sherriff has aimed to relate the characters’ speech directly to their character but also to create a powerful picture in the minds of the audience. One of his main aims in the play was to present the public with a play to show the real attitudes during the war. Each character has different dialogue to each other to typify their characters and to distinguish them apart. The characters also have different styles of language that provides various elements to the play. Although the play is of a deeply profound nature, the play has vital outlets of comic relief which is displayed through the characters in the play. The stage notes throughout the play show the simple, atmospheric style the Sherriff uses in describing the aspects of the play. The very start of the play which describes the set, and the situation for the whole play, tunes the audience into the tone of the scene. â€Å"Warm yellow candle flames light the other corner from the necks of two bottles on the table. Through the doorway can be seen the misty grey parapet of the trench, and a narrow slit of starlit sky.† This is typical of R.C. Sherriff’s style. The notes are simple, explanatory but have the aura of the scene in mind. The characterised aspects of the scene such as the â€Å"Warm yellow candle flames† and the â€Å"misty grey parapet† contrast to emit the homeliness in the trench, but with the sinister, stony atmosphere outside. Sherriff also focuses greatly on the actions and movements of each character. He does this to portray the character in the scene exactly as he wants them to be perceived by the audience. This is shown in Act One where Raleigh arrives in the trench for the first time and his uneasy disposition as a newcomer to the dugout is clearly apparent. Sherriff explains: â€Å"An officer comes groping down the steps and stands in the candle-light. He looks round, a bit bewildered. He is a well built, healthy looking boy of about eighteen, with the new uniform of a 2nd

Blue Ocean Strategy Paper Essay

The blue ocean strategy in marketing is a distinctive method when it comes to building a customer base very different when it comes to competing within a certain type of industry. Instead of trying to compete in a crowded market place with existing companies, a blue ocean strategy will drive to create a complete new market segment that has no completion or other firms to compete against. In this day in age of technology and the emergence of it and globalization the importance of a blue ocean strategy has grown in recent years and in my essay I will explain the approach and how it is employed in the modern business environment, Blue ocean marketing strategy in marketing In today cluttered industries companies have to consider the four p’s of marketing when developing new offerings which include product, placement, price and promotion. In order to complete within their industries they must give consumers a certain value proposition for example a firm can offer a products at a very cost effective rate or at a higher quality than what is presently offered by other firms. In a blue ocean marketing strategy it would create an entirely new market causing a firm not having to worry about dealing with competition altogether. The blue ocean strategy, aims to create a new market place that will cause only one player in that industry eliminating any competition marketers build an entirely new product and service that is currently unknown to customers. In a case like this, it is vital to find effective ways to introduce and inform the public about the new product and service to develop awareness, interested and confidence. When product and service awareness has set in the new product will be positioned in point that provides no alternatives and allows much more effective branding tactics to be utilized. Modern examples of blue oceans moves There have been several notable blue oceans moves in modern business recently particularly in the technology realm the Nintendo Wii product shook up the gaming world when it was released 10yrs ago rather than compete with the ps3Â  and Xbox Nintendo decided to create a whole new gaming concept that used motion detectors instead of button controls the gaming system was received very well by gamers and built a new market with no direct competition I would require years of tech development for the company’s main rivals to offer similar products another notable blue market strategy occurred with the launch of toms shoes instead of just selling shoes toms created a unique business model that is essentially a hybrid of a charity and a shoe manufacturer it became the only company were a consumer could buy a pair of shoes and have a comparable pair donated to a third world country this strategy gives consumers an additional level of value that no other shoe manufacturer such as Nike jimmy Choo could match. Alternative red oceans move Red ocean strategy is the exact opposite move which positions a product in an already crowded market place while it does sound attractive there are many benefits to competing in a mature market there is already a strong customer education about the types of p/s being sold there dore companies do not need to spend a large budget on educating the consumer the main con of a red ocean move is that it can be hard to find a lucrative niche in well established markets just imagine trying to create a new soda brand that directly competes with coca cola it would be very unlikely that this new soda brand could upset the world’s largest soft drink supplier. Conclusion Many technology firms are now trying to implement blue ocean strategies to gain a competitive advantage in the market while there are many risks associated with their move it can be very lucrative if it successful ultimately marketers will need to weigh the potential benefits and risks that can emerge from taking the plunge into the blue ocean of business.

Marketing Communication Strategies Essay

This week’s discussion focuses on integrated marketing communications. Companies use various promotional tools in order to design successful integrated marketing communication strategies. Please respond to all of the following prompts in the class discussion section of your online course: Explain how the promotional tools used by an airline would differ if the target audience were (a) consumers who travel for pleasure, or (b) corporate travel departments that select the airlines to be used by company employees. Instructions: The minimum expectation for class discussions is to respond directly to each part of the discussion prompt and to respond to at least two other posts, either by a student or instructor, by the end of the week: 1. Submit one main post responding directly to each part of the discussion prompt. This should be a substantive response to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have discovered in your required reading and other learning activities. 2. Reply to at least two posts. Responses can be made to students or to your instructor. 3. Responses to other individuals’ posts should: Expand on their ideas Discuss the differences between your thoughts and theirs Explain why you agree or disagree To post your main response to this topic, click the blue Respond button below. To respond to a classmate or your instructor, click the blue Respond button below his/her post. Respond This section lists options that can be used to view responses. Collapse All Print View Show Options Responses Responses are listed below in the following order: response, author and the date and time the response is posted. Sort by Read/Unread Sort by Response Sorted Ascending, click to sort descending Sort by Author Sort by Date/Time* Collapse Mark as Unread Week Nine Instructor operation 3/9/2014 12:31:43 AM Hello Everyone, Welcome to week nine of class. Hold on – Not much longer now! We are almost there, after this week will only have three weeks left. Congratulations on making it this far in the course, you have done an exceptional job thus far. I look forward to the next few weeks of class, which will of course go by way to fast for me. I like that most everyone is taking me up on my offer to make up missing work or make corrections on work and resubmitting the assignments. Keep all of the work coming my way and keep focusing on your goals. This week we will work on integrated marketing communications. This is where companies use various promotional tools in order to design successful integrated marketing communication strategies. It will be another fun week and I look forward to hearing your ideas on this subject. If you have any questions, issues, complaints or need any help please let me know.

Bay of Pigs

The interest of the United States in Cuba goes as far back as the pre-Civil War era when it wanted to annex Cuba as a slave state for its cotton. However, it was only in 1898 that Cuba was won from Spain following the Spanish-American war. While this lasted only until 1902, the U. S. was able to negotiate a long-term lease on the island at the Guantanamo Bay and turned it into a naval base. From that time until Castro took the helm, the second most powerful official in Cuba after the President was the U. S. Ambassador (Lafeber, 19 April 1986, p. 537).In 1947, open hostilities with communism have begun. President Truman recommended to the U. S. Congress to stop the Russian aggression in Europe. This was contained in the Truman Doctrine (Ismael, 1965, P. 3212). This was followed by a U. S. -led food airlift to the western sector which the Russians were starving out with its Berlin blockade. Then, there was the assistance provided to the communists, by the way, eventually won and the ac tive participation in the Korean War of 1950. While such actions were unpopular,, there was an apparent consensus that the U.S. should indeed show that it is not beyond having to use force to stop the expansionist plans of the communists. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President. The anti-communist sentiment was particularly rife at that time with Senator McCarthy charging practically everyone of being a communist, and succeeded in spreading fear and conflict throughout the country. In Asia, China was showing signs of aggression against Taiwan which then led to the US pledge of aid to any Southeast Asian Treaty Organization member who has to fight off communist advances.In Latin America, communist influence was equally spreading. In 1959, on January 1st, Fidel Castro and his guerillas managed to overthrow Fulgencio Batista and the former Prime Minister and newly-elected President Dr. Andres Rivero Aguero (Telzrow, 2006). The United States was one of the first countries to acknowledge Castro’s ascendancy through an official note declaring â€Å"the sincere goodwill of the government of the United States towards the new government† (Welch, 1982, p. 29). Shortly thereafter, Philip Bonsal was appointed as the new US Ambassador to Havana.Bonsal was the former ambassador to Bolivia where the Spanish-speaking career diplomat was able to establish a good relationship with the leftist administration. Four months later, in April 1959, Fidel Castro visited the United States where then Vice President Richard Nixon got to meet him. Nixon unilaterally proclaimed him to be a communist. Castro’s subsequent reforms were radical enough to align Cuba with communist party and collide with the Eisenhower Administration. There was the suspension of free elections, socialization of private business and the confiscation of U. S. property.This was followed by the nationalization of businesses which produced staple products such as milk and milk and by-p roducts, sugar, beer, toiletries, textiles and even banks (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 161). Given these internal developments in Cuba, the U. S. Department of State had started to draw up an agreement with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that would effect the downfall of Castro by using the Cuban faction opposed to him to make it look like an internal act. The situation was more alarming and an insult inasmuch as communism was practically taking root next door.In December 1959, an outline of operations both in covert and propaganda form for the overthrow of Castro was drawn up by the CIA head of Western Hemisphere, J. C. King. A more comprehensive plan was drawn up by Jacob Esterline, former chief of the Guatemala station. On March 17, President Eisenhower approved a paper penned by the CIA entitled â€Å"A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime† and the plan to bring down Castro was underway. People were put in place. David Atlee Phillips was made propagan da chief.He was to run Radio Swan, the station that would be broadcasting propaganda against the Castro government. E. Howard Hunt was made chief of political action with the main task of organizing and preparing the members of the government that will replace Castro’s once it is overthrown. (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 159). By July 1960, Russia and the U. S. were exchanging barbs. The Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khruschev had declared its support for Castro to which Eisenhower adamantly replied that communism will not be allowed by the U. S.to grow in the Western Hemisphere (Sierra, 2007, par. 7). On October 28, the United States recalled Ambassador Bonsal permanently back to Washington and followed later by officially breaking off all diplomatic relations with Cuba. Cuba soon began to receive arms from the Soviet Union (Telzrow, 21 August 2006, 37+). The incumbent administration’s interest was not only directed on Cuba in 1960. Internally, there was a more immediat e concern on hand. It was campaign period for the Presidential elections. Vice President Richard Nixon was running against the popular Senator John F.Kennedy. He realized the sensitivity of the issue about Castro and communist Cuba and rode to the hilt the American voters’ anti-Castro sentiment and their restlessness towards its resolution. Earlier in the campaign, he was already briefed by CIA Director Allan Dulles on intelligence matters as required by law and this briefing included the confidential information about the training of exiles from Cuba who will be mobilized for an assault on the island. Then, on the eve of a candidate's debate, Kennedy attacked Eisenhower's Cuba policy. He openly called for U. S.support for the exiled anti-Castro forces and further exclaimed that thus far, these exiles had not received any support from the government. Kennedy knew that Nixon will not be able to counter this attack without compromising the secrecy of the plan. Nixon could only criticize Kennedy for the irresponsibility of his statements (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, pp. 160-162). Meanwhile, the plan was steadily materializing. In May 1960, Radio Swan went on the air. Using a powerful transmitter, it broadcasted programs that were actually taped in Miami. The Cuban exiled forces were placed in Guatemala.The incumbent President and dictator of Guatemala, Gen. Miguel Ydigoras owed his position to the CIA for enforcing a covert operation in 1954 against then Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. He thus allowed an airport to be built in his country. Nicaragua’s Anastacio Somoza also provided a training base in his country (LaFeber, 16 April 1966, 537+). The Cuban exiled forces were collectively called Brigade 2506. They were originally being trained off the coast of Florida. Eventually, the size of the brigade grew to about 1,500 soldiers. The Castro government was not turning a blind eye against all these things that were going on.Eventually, Castro had his chance and on September 26, 1960, he addressed the UN General Assembly where he charged the U. S. for setting up a broadcasting station in Swan Island which the U. S. lamely refuted by stating that it was a privately-owned station by a commercial broadcasting company. A month later, Cuba again went on the offensive again in the UN General Assembly this time with the Cuban Foreign Minister Raul Roa providing well-informed details on how the recruitment and training of these exiled forces were allegedly being conducted.In his address, however, he did not call them exiles but as mercenaries and counter-revolutionaries. He stated that they were recruited, paid and sustained by the CIA by providing for them and their families (Sierra, 2007, par. 19). Later, in 2000, during a historic meeting of the personalities involved in the Bay of Pigs invasion, these exiles were once again referred to as mercenaries at which point Fidel Castro corrected him, â€Å"They’re brigadistas† (Dinges, 23 April 2001, 6). It was Castro’s strategy to turn the tide of foreign opinion against the Americans and later we will see how this tactic by Castro proved to be effective.At the interim, a budget of USD13 million was approved by President Eisenhower. He also authorized the use of the Defense Department’s personnel and equipment but pointedly instructed that no American citizen must be used in combat. However, the CIA’s initial attempt at dropping weapons and supplies in Cuba failed miserably. The drop zone was missed and the ground agent was caught and shot (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, 161). On January 1961, President John F. Kennedy took office. After campaigning heavily against lack of action on Cuba, he essentially trapped himself. In LaFeber’s (1986), Kennedyâ€Å"despised Castro and saw himself going head-to-head with Nikita Kruschev over which superpower would control the Third World. He was also passionately committed to a romantic view o f counter-revolutionary operations and feared being labeled as less of an anti-Communist than Eisenhower, whose policies he had blasted only months earlier. So the attack went ahead on the night of April 17† (537+). Before the actual invasion happened, the plan changed several times due to several factors. Kennedy’s Department of State was afraid of the consequential impact on the US relations with Latin America (Lafeber, 1986, 537+).White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. remarked that while Kennedy was adamant about not using US soldiers directly, but the CIA acted on the conviction that he will change his mind (Dinges, 2001, 6). Everyone was of the assumption that the Cuban people would all rise spontaneously to get rid of Castro (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). Meanwhile, despite all the efforts to avoid having the US stamp on the exiled forces by having the training camps and airfield in Nicaragua and Guatemala, it was soon evident that the operation did not remain a sec ret for very long.It was even already being discussed within cliques in the UN. On Jan. 11th 1961, the Joint Chief of Staff were consulted for the first time on. From the combined minds of the Department of Defense, the CIA and the JCS, Operation Bumpy Road was born. On Jan. 28th, newly-elected President John F. Kennedy was briefed. The concept of the plan as outlined in the memorandum prepared by two senior CIA officials in charge of the brigade, Jacob Esterline and Jack Hawkins. A small area was to be seized and defended at the initial stage.There will be no more offensive tactics to be done until the expected uprising of the majority of the Cuban people begins or an overt operation by the US forces is (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). The landing was already plotted to be in Trinidad, which was in the southern coast of Cuba. This is located near Escambray Mountains. His would be an ideal site for Operation Bumpy Road because of the alternatives that it can offer. The expeditiona ry forces already have the goodwill of the population of Trinidad as the majority is anti-Castro.In case the defense of the landing is compromised, they could turn to Plan B and flee into the mountains. There, a guerilla warfare can be fought. Thus, with this plan in mind, Brigade 2506 trained throughout 1960 under this plan. Richard Bissell, CIA Director of Plans, assessed the plans. He believed that there is a possibility of success such that they might survive and gain support for as long as they hold their ground. If the support from the Cuban people comes, then the US can make overt action plans on the pretense of backing the revolutionaries (Bight & Kornbluh, 1999, p.164). Originally scheduled for Mach 5, 1961, the operation was put on hold until April after examination of all possible alternatives. This was due to the intervention of the State Department for diplomatic and political reasons. The U. S. still believes that it can get away with â€Å"plausible deniability† and Operation Bumpy Road can no way disguise U. S. complicity. Hence, despite argument from Bissel that postponement and possible plan revision will create undue tension and resentment among the brigade members, the March date did not materialize.In fact a revolt by the exiles who were training in Guatemala did occur in late January 1961 with 500 resigning (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 164). Bissell concluded that this plan may be the only one where a covert operation is still possible in bringing down Fidel Castro. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy was not in accord and instead recommended a trade embargo instead and allow internal rif to reach a boling point before launching the brigade. So, it was a Bumpy Road indeed as the rinidad Plan was rejected.President Kennedy set down his conditions in preparing a new plan. First, it must be a silent landing and it is to be done at night. The CIA then presented three alternatives. There was a revision of the Trinidad Plan, there w as to be a new target for landing which would be the northeast coast and the third alternative would be at the Bay of Pigs codenamed â€Å"Operation Zapata†. The President chose the Zapata Plan liked but with certain changes particularly that it must have the appearance of being more of a guerilla-type of operation.Thus, it was modified to a night landing (instead of a dawn landing) with air drops at first light. Kennedy questions the necessity of the air strikes. A compromise was agreed to limit the air strikes to two days before d-day simultaneous with a diversionary landing of 160 men in Eastern Cuba. These strikes will give the impression that the air strikes are those by Cuban pilots defecting from the Cuban air force and thus further giving lie that its an internal uprising. Bissell also reassures Kennedy that the Cubans on the island will join in an uprising.The chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations, Senator William Fullbright did not believe that such tactics will fool anyone. However, a vote from the advisers favored moving ahead (Blight & Kornbluh 1999, 165). Seven days before d-day, Esterline and Hawkins sent notice that they want to quit, that â€Å"the project was out of control† but Bissell prevailed upon them to stay. Three days before the invasion, Kennedy made a statement in a press conference that the US Armed Forces One day before the invasion, the number of plane were reduced from 16 to six planes as ordered by Kennedy to keep it minimal.On April 16, the landing plan was approved by Kennedy. However, fearing international condemnation, Kennedy cancels the dawn air strikes until the beachhead airfield is in the hands of the landing force and completely operational and capable of supporting the raids. Bissell argued unsuccessfully that the landings will be seriously endangered without it. The air strikes were cancelled. Aboard the Blagar, CIA agent Grayston Lynch receives intelligence report that the Cuba air force will strik e, it moves close to shore and delivers gunfire support to the landing troops.The Brigade troops landed at 1’o clock in the morning. Later that morning, the Houston comes under air attack and is hit. Blight and Kornbluh (1999) gives a detailed account: â€Å"It goes aground with about 180 men on the west side of the Bay of Pigs – about five miles from the landing beach. At 9:30 AM, the freighter Rio Escondido is sunk by a direct rocket hit from a Sea Furya â€Å"with ten day's reserves of ammunition on board, as well as food, hospital equipment, and gasoline.All crew members are rescued and transferred to the Blagar. Fighting rages throughout the day, with the brigade freighters withdrawing 50 miles out to sea. That evening, President Kennedy discusses the deteriorating situation with his advisers† (p. 168). On April 18, the Brigade Commander refused a call for evacuation. While at the UN on the same day, Ambassador Adlai Stevenson continued to deny that the Un ited States had intervened militarily in Cuba.Bissell, in direct violation of Kennedy's instructions, authorized American pilots to fly combat missions when a number of the Cuban pilots at Pueto Cabezos refused to fly. On April 19, two planes flown by U. S. pilots were shot down and the pilots killed. The invasion force were captured. About 130 were killed and 1,189 were taken prisoners. Cuba's casualties were about 157. Mass trials were held and the prisoners were each given a sentence of 30 years. Negotiations got underway and after 20 months, most were released in exchange for money, food and medical supplies (Sierra, 2007).In the aftermath, Lymann Kirkpatrick, the CIA Inspector General, issued a report that pointed to Bissell and his aide Tracy Barnes as not having firm plans for the invasion and failed to advise Kennedy that a covert action is not at all possible. Bissell rebutted by issuing a memorandum of his own and putting the blame on Kennedy's withdrawal of the air strike s. On June 13, 1961, General Taylor, head of the Taylor Committee composed on Gen. Maxwell taylor, Atty. General Robert Kennedy, Adm. Arleigh Burke and Dir. Gen.Of CIA Allen Dulles to investigate why the operation failed submits their report to President Kennedy that the operation was ill-considered and it was never ever possible that Zapatacan be run as a covert operation. If a reorientation of the operation had not been possible, the project should have been abandoned. (Blight & Kornbluh, 1999, p. 169). Apart from the reports of Kirkpatrick of the CIA and the Taylor Committee, and after more documents relating to the Bay of Pigs invasion surfaced and were declassified, the following can be concluded:– the CIA made decisions on mere assumptions that the people would spontaneously assist in overthrowing Castro (Lafeber, 1986). – they failed to see that the exiles and the supporters were the loud minority while the majority were straddling the fence in a wait-and-see at titude inasmuch as Castro's government was still at its inception and already seemed to have been serious about its reforms in distributing the wealth concentrated on the few during the previous regime which was openly supported by the U.S. – the United States could have lost sympathy from the locals since from 1898, they have exerted great influence over Cuba's internal affairs seemingly to the point of meddling in order to favor American businesses and the invasion was undeniably a US-backed operation the US did not trust its own invading force, not even telling the Cuban exiles the actual day of the invasion. One agent admitted that, â€Å"I don't trust any goddamn Cuban.† (Lafeber, 1986) – aside from being trapped by his own campaign statements, the ongoing cold war forced Kennedy to take immediate if indecisive action in battling Cuba's Castro and ultimately the USSR's Nikita Khrushchev for the Western hemisphere – there were tactical errors such as mistaking for seaweed the Bay of Pigs coral reef which caused the craft to run aground and made the easy marks. – the US underestimated the Castro's security and defenses.In a historic meeting in 2001 between the antagonists and the protagonists in the invasion which was held in Cuba, it was divulged that â€Å"a vast security network had been established and about 20,000 suspected dissidents were rounded up† which effectively squelched US expectations of a mass rebellion. Moreover, the Cuban air forces' better planes were camouflaged and the ones that were destroyed by the pre-d-day strike were decoys. (Dinges, 2001, p. 6).– the CIA strategy is rooted on another assumption that no president, Kennedy included despite his statements against overt operations, will allow the United States to â€Å"go down in ignominous defeat† and will send in the Marines (as related by White House adviser Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. In Dinges, 2001). – there were no CIA broadcasts to announce the invasion (Telzrow, 2006). – from Jack Hawkins himself, Kennedy made the fatal error of placing â€Å"plausible deniability ahead of military viability (Hawkins 1996, p. 36+).It would seem highly improbable that the world's greatest superpower would be defeated by a revolutionary government barely over a year in power. However, that is exactly what Cuba did under Fidel Castro's leadership. On April 19, 1961 Cuba was able to repulse an invasion led by 1,400 commandos of Brigade 2506 who arrived at Playa Giron (Giron Beach) from Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs). Brigade 2506 was US-backed all the way. The planning and training was done by the CIA. They were armed and supplied by the US.It was not a failure of the men of the invasion force who fought valiantly and refused to be evacuated. Given the circumstances surrounding the invasion, it was a â€Å"perfect failure† as it has now been dubbed for the spectacular defeat of the US. Overall, this is mainly due to the arrogance displayed by America and has now been immortalized in the Bay of Pigs. Bibliography Blight, J. G. & Kornbluh, P. (Eds. ) (1999). Politics of illusion: The Bay of Pigs invasion re-examined. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Dinges, J. (2001, April 23). Back to the Bay of Pigs. The Nation, 272, 6. Hawkins, J. (1996, December 31). The Bay of Pigs operation was doomed by presidential indecisiveness and lack of commitment. National Review, 48, 36+. Ismael, F. L. (1965). The United States as a world leader. The Book of Knowledge, vol. 9, pp. 3206-3224. New York: Grolier Incorporated. LaFeber, W. (1986, April 19). Lest we forget the Bay of Pigs; the unlearned lessons. The Nation, 242, 537-539. Sierra, J. A. (2007).History of Cuba. Retrieved August 15, 2007, from http://www. historyofcuba. com/cuba/htm. Telzrow, M. E. (2006, August 21). Bay of Pigs betrayal: The betrayal of the Cuba people by the CIA, State Department and staff members of the New York Times ranks as one of the America's darkest foreign-policy moments. The New American, 22, 37-39. Welch. R. E. (1985). Response to revolution: The United States and the Cuban revolution, 1959-1961. Chappel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

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An application of Electromagnetics Theory (see directions) - Research Paper Example In the overview of the EMF applications, the main aim of this paper is to analyze the manner in which the electromagnetic theory has been applied and some of the benefits and disadvantages of its use. The analysis will also focus on its application for instance in the case of the low 3d frequency electromagnetic modeling of the human eye with elemental boundaries that are applicable to the (CK) conductive keratoplasty (Lindebaum 298). The surgical technique (CK) Conductive keratoplas is an example of an application that utilizes the electromagnetic theory. It entails a process where the cornea is penetrated by the use of a thin electrode that sends radio-frequency pulse energy to the environs surrounding the tissues in the eye. The heat energy from the electromagnetic is then dispelled into the tissues, which not only tighten thermally but also shrink the lamellae collagen. This process allows the doctors to cure common eye diseases like astigmatism and far-sightedness and correct the cornea’s shape (Itin 3361). A much more technical description of the CK process would include; it being understood from the perspective that biological tissue all have different permatives and conductives and due to this aspect the exposure of biological tissues to low intensity systems and high voltages should be preferably don in such electrical fields. Therefore, low frequency electromagnetic field calculations require boundary element method (BEM) and macroscopic Maxwell equations in their applications, which will later be used to solve the electric problem in the eye (Wolpe 388). Combination of discontinuous and continuous collocations nodes can be used where there are possible potentials that will have to be attached and assigned to the nodes continuously and the discontinuous nodes can be attached and assigned to the electric fields. Through this, there

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Reading Log and Case Study - Essay Example The most important resource available to organisations is human resource and their conducive functioning is ensured by a suitable organisational culture and climate. 2. Key insights (200 words) The state of the economy mandates that various organisations have to merge with each other in order to forge their survival. On the other hand, certain other organisations are trying to go for a change in their business operations through business process innovation. In order to support both kinds of activities, it is essential that organisations enhance their operating organisational culture and climate by innovating within its framework. The transition from one organisational cultural state to another cultural state is not only cumbersome but requires dedicated effort on multiple fronts. In order to make organisational culture and climate change a success it has to be adapted well to the existing organisational culture and organisational climate. This ensures that the transition between cult ural states is smooth and does not affect business operations negatively. In order to make the transition as smooth as possible, it is advisable to study the various involved sub-cultures within organisations in detail to identify possible transition problems. The resistance to change in organisational cultures is a present reality and needs to be dealt with on realistic footing. How can you key insights be applied in practice (200 words) In order to deal with organisation change on a stronger footing, it is necessary to implement organisational cultural change with greater understanding of the underlying sub cultures that would provide resistance to change. It is necessary to provide employees with means of feedback to gauge their assessment of the organisation’s culture and climate in order to develop new changes. Employee feedback could be received using questionnaires, surveys, one on one meeting by senior management and other similar methods. Once employee perception of existing organisational culture and climate is established, this baseline can then be used to plot a new direction for movement. During any major or minor organisational culture or climate change resistance will be encountered. The senior management of the business has to find avenues that will invite resistance from employees and then deal with these problems accordingly. For example, senior employees may show reluctance to upgrade their IT skills so the management would need to provide them with more intuitive and easy to use IT systems. These gaps and deficits must be assessed as realistically as possible and the use of external experts should not be ruled out. Case Study 1. How would you characterise current staff behaviour at the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Bank? The current staff behaviour at Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Bank is characterised by a twofold description – the older staff is sticking to its old working values while the new staff is trying to innovate and incre ase competitiveness. Overall staff behaviour characterises the struggle between the old guard and the new innovators. 2. Do you feel that their behaviour is attributable to the changes that have taken place, and why? The behaviour of the staff is purely an outcome of the structural change at the bank given the merger. Instead of the staff being at loggerheads because of differentiated cultures from two organisations, the staff is in a struggle because change is being imposed and resisted. Older members