The Hiroshima bomb Essay Example for Free

The Hiroshima bomb Essay The Hiroshima bomb, dropped in (insert year, i forget which) was a deadly atomic bomb that drastically affected the lives of Japanese citizens in both novels and in reality. In the fictional novel, The Street of a Thousand Blossoms, written by Gail Tsukiyama, the author portrays a very accurate perspective of the Japanese and their experiences during World War II. The tragedies that are descriptively discussed in this novel similarly resemble the incidents that occurred to the Japanese victims during World War II. The Japanese suffered extremely throughout the few years of the war. They went through periods of starvation and psychological devastation when the economy spiraled downwards.The financial state of the Japanese suffered a terrible blow as a result of the large amounts of invested money put into the military in hopes of expanding the imperialism ideology. In the novel, Hiroshi could not understand why â€Å"Yanaka’s alleyways were crowded with women and children who lined up and waited for hours for meagre rations of rice and salted fish. (Tsukiyama 51)† After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the American embargoes stopped all the needed resources in Japan. The American oil embargo caused a crisis in Japan. Reliant on the US for 80% of its oil, the Japanese were forced to decide between withdrawing from China, negotiating an end to the conflict, or going to war to obtain the needed resources elsewhere (embedded http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/wwiipaccauses.htm). â€Å"†¦Hiroshi couldn’t remember the last time they had any meat or fresh fish to eat. He and Kenji ate more and more slowly, trying to make what little they had in their bowls last longer. (Tsukiyama 69)† All the villagers in Yanaka, including Hiroshi were not accustomed to povertybecause of the luxurious lives they lived before the crisis occured. Now, they â€Å"fear and dread of the war and their increasing hunger weighs heavily on everyone’s minds (Tsukiyama 69)†. Because of the second Sino-Japanese war, the Japanese had to cut down imports of goods to pay for the materials for railway and ship building industries. The American embargoes prevented any goods from being exported to Japan. Therefore, Japan began to have a shortage of food and other necessities. This caused havoc in Japan which was vividly portrayed in the novel, when Hiroshi and his family struggle to survive and ration each of their resources. Satoko Matsumoto, a survivor of the Hiroshima bombing stated, â€Å"One after another, people died, some of them with a cry for water on their lips (Embedded p31 Harris)† Matsumoto’s state was very similar to Hiroshi’s perspective as everyone solely cares about is the hunger that’s assaulting their stomach. As if the starvation running rampant in the country was not devastating enough, the bombing on Hiroshima plunged Japan into further chaos. The bombing of Hiroshima killed hundreds of thousands of innocent Japanese citizens. The survivors were forced to lose many loved ones, and scarring their lives forever. In the {insert novel name}, Kenji and Haru were both present during the dropping of the bomb and their thoughts reflected the same ones as citizens who experienced the catastrophe in reality. The author states, â€Å"Can you imagine a wind so strong that it ripped a man’s face away where he stood? Can you imagine how internal organs exploded, clothes and bodies burst into flames, disintegrated on the spot? Can you envision a mushroom cloud formed by smoke and debris that could be seen for miles by the naked eye, followed by a black rain falling, black tears they called it, radiation spreading in its wake? Those who died were the lucky ones; those who lived through it would never be the same. (Tsukiyama 140)† These memories will always haunt Haru’s mind as even 3 years later, she â€Å"still felt a sharp burning in her palms and the tips of her fingers, and suddenly the three years disappeared and she was twelve years old again, hooking her arm through Aki’s as they ran and ran, their eyes stinging, lungs burning, running through the thick acrid smoke back to the stable, running fast so that her little sister wouldn’t see the burned bodies writhing in agony, pleading for water. (Tsukiyama 181) The fire weakened Haru’s vision and her hands were paralyzed. Her sister Aki suffered hair loss due to the radiation caused by the bomb. As of November 1945, an estimated 130,000 were dead. Both Haru and Aki suffered through the symptoms due to radioactive rays. Aki later died of Leukemia and left Haru behind devastated. Katsuko Horibe was a teacher at Honkawa Elementary School when the incident happened. â€Å"Seven Honkawa students, burning and bleeding, their uniform s in tatters and strips of skin hanging from their bodies, lay crying in agony. The children had been playing hide-and-seek when the bomb found them.† (embedded) The horrific memories of Horibe were concealed in her mind just like Aki and Haru until the day she died. â€Å"Blood was caked on her skin and clothes, as she was starting to feel intense pain.† (embedded) Seven year old Michiko Kodomas classmates were playing outside when it happened. â€Å"Kodoma says what she witnessed next are horrors that no child should ever experience. ‘[There were] people whose eyeballs had popped out their sockets. There were those who held their babies – burnt black; they themselves had no skin. There were those whose intestines had come out of their bodies, and confused they struggled to put them back in.’ (embedded) The visions that Michiko saw were exactly what Haru tried to prevent Aki from witnessing. Uragashira, a survivor of the Hiroshima bombing as well as the Nagasaki bombing 3 days later recalled, â€Å"I still remember the smell of charred bodies and the weak screams of the dying, for water Even if I suffer dementia, I will never forget it.† (Embedded) This proves how gruesome and appalling the disaster was. Tsukiyama graphically portrayed these dreadful and terrifying memories through the words of Haru and the voices of the dead. Her interpretations of the suffrage of the Japanese were very concise and accurate.

The Inherently Unsustainable Of Mass Tourism Tourism Essay

The Inherently Unsustainable Of Mass Tourism Tourism Essay Tourism Industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Tourism has long been a central component of the economic, social and cultural shift that has left its imprint on the world system of cities in the past two decades (Dumond; 2005 cited in Beben; 2006;1). According to the statistics of World Trade Organization, there was 693 million tourist arrivals across the globe in 2002 (Beben; 2006). Moreover, WTO and the World Tourism and Travel Council announced a possible increase in the number of tourists to close to 1 billion by the end of 2010 (Massound; 2010). Mass tourism is seen as a large number of people participating in tourism as well as inflexible and packaged standardized holidays (Poon; 1993). Starting from the 50s a new tourist demand leaded to a new stage in this evolutionary process. Tourism industry just like other Fordist industries has been supplying mass products, mostly considered under the label of mass tourism (Conti; Perelli; 2004). According to Conti and Perelli (2004;3), Thomas Cook created the tourism packages in the 19th century as the pioneering forms of mass tourism and the opportunity for the definitive shift from the aristocratic forms of vacation to the mass mobility of workers spending their paid holidays travelling. The concept of Cookism was used in a place of Fordism to express the era of mass tourism. Others seen mass tourism as consuming places by the large number of visitors (Urry; 1995). More recently mass tourism consumption experience has been linked to the ideas of a McDonaldization, Disneyfication o r McDisneyfication of societies (Ritzer and Liska; 1997 cited in Conti and Perelli; 2004;3). The impact of those consumption patterns has been considered as the typical Fordist leading to a reduction of the cultural diversity by mean of the demand of a tourist experience that will be more and more reproducing the everyday life patterns of consumption (Contti and Perelli; 2004). Mass tourism is strongly linked to seasonality. The impact of schools closure for the holiday periods as well as companies ´ work programmes and the destination specific weather conditions, all that aspects are gathering great number of tourists at the same time (Shaw and Williams; 1995). Before tourism was a luxury, available mostly for higher class but after the introduction of packaged holidays and development of mobility and technology, travelling became more accessible for everyone. Tourism has aroused on the market as a forceful industry making changes which have both positive and negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. The development of tourism industry is very important for economy of the country especially for less developed countries as it increase foreign exchange earnings and generates employment. According to UNWTO, tourism stands for 8% of employment and 9% of global GDP and by the year 2019 will provide 296 million jobs (UNWTO cited in MercoPress, 2010). Tourism can have a powerful and beneficial direction for both economic and sociio-cultural change but at the same time it can be destroying. Do actual benefits from tourism go to the host community? Is government ´s priority in development are to provide the needs of the tourists instead of local community? The government blinded by the opportunity of the country to generate the money from the development tourism is forgetting about the negative aspects that the industry can bri ng. Most of the attention has been made to economic aspects of the tourism growth and environmental and socio-cultural issues have been swept out to the second plan. Although to make tourism sustainable it is very important to look at those aspects. As mentioned before tourism enables the development of the destination although, the lack of own capital and a weak economy of some underdeveloped destinations makes foreign investors to build a new hotels that makes tourism being beneficial mostly for the developed countries. The same is with employment. It seems like tourism would give jobs to the local community but in the meantime the investors from developed countries employed the workers with a better education and abilities so the developing country stays with almost nothing. When the development is lower than the position of a country is worse. Leakage is an amount of money that escapes from the local economy (France; 1997). According to Kripperdorf(1982;136), tourism planning is usually in the hands of outside promoters the local population are regarded merely as landowners or as a reserve of labour, not as people entitled to participate in decision making. For example, tour operators owning resorts and sending the customers to the destination which mean that local community wont benefit much from those tourists. They export food for the tourist and employ British stuff. How tourism can be sustainable if it ´s breaking the basic rules of it. The tourism control and planning strategy is crucial in developing sustainable tourism but how can it be done if even government is closing their eyes on the unfair practices in the Tourism sector of that region. The uncontrolled tourism in Goa has a strong impact on host community who has to face the food and water shortage (Almeida; 1996). Moreover, Goan has to face with electricity problems, there is a severe water shortage. The water pipeline that was originally meant for the villagers is now being utilised by the hotels. The transport too is insufficient to transport both locals and tourists (Misquita, 1996a cited in Noronha;1999;101). Very fast process of urbanisation has changed Goa into the concrete jungle. Police is closing their eyes on the drug fulfilled parties. Barely 10 % of Goans have benefited from tourism development, moreover, the foreign investors are buying large amounts of lands in the regi on (Almeida; 1996).All those examples illustrate how unsustainable tourism it is. Moreover, as suggested by Wall and Wright (1977); physical impacts to the tourist destination include alterations to the natural environment, including air, water, soils, vegetation and wildlife as well as changes to the build environment (Mathiesen and Wall; 1999; 38). Mass tourism affects strongly beaches, cliff-side, environment and degraded landscape. In some mass destinations ground water is in an alarmingly low level which is largely consumed by agricultural sector, by the irritation of a great number of gardens constructed due to the development of new summer houses and second homes and golf courses (Molz; 2004;5). Also the beaches have been extended in order to meet tourist demand. The unlimited constructions and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources will lead to the serious environmental problems. Recreational activities organized for tourists have also strong impact. Tourists by touching reefs when diving and snorkeling are damaging them. Also by the great number of boat trips tourist are disturbing marine animals. According to Kripperdorf (1982;135), the mass phenomena of modern tourism have initiated the paradoxial process Tourism destroys tourism. The landscape loses its tourist value through its use, or rather over-use, by th e tourist. Mass tourism is not only a problem of coastal regions but also the winter season is strongly connected to mass tourism. In Alps the number of tourists doubles every 7 years (Dziedzic; 1998). In Tyrol the ski slope is going through the endangered forests. Every year more than 500 hectares of agricultural land is used to make new skiing resorts and slopes (Dziedzic; 1998). Environmental degradation destroys the meaning of existence of tourism itself. The number of tourists is growing every year. According to the World Travel report (cited in Hickman; 2006) by 2020 the natural features of some of the wonders of the world will be damaged by global warming, while other resorts will become seriously overcrowded. The carrying capacity has been described as greatest number of people who can use the place without any damage to the natural resources and without degradation of the environment (Wall and Mathiasen; 1999). The attrition of historical buildings and the saturation of the coasts are one of the problems were carrying capacity has been overtaken. Changes in tourist destinations are inevitable but the concept of carrying capacity has the chance to indicate the amount and the way of change and to assess to which point those changes are acceptable (Mathiesen and Wall; 1999). The socio-cultural impacts are the other aspect of a great importance when looking at the changes in tourism as it strongly changes the way of life of the local communities. Mass tourism is causing displacement of indigenous population by tourists. For example in Hawaii there are about 1 million of indigenous inhabitants, which is a quarter of the whole population (Dziedzic; 1998). In human relationships, the disappearing traditional hospitality is a very important aspect. Especially in the big tourist resorts, these relations were long ago converted into a commodity for sale. Kuhn (2007; cited in Hanna; 2010 HHhhKKKK) argues that sustainable tourism attempts to preserve traditional cultures in a way that the western tourist deems as authentic. If sustainable tourism will lead into that direction it will not be very successful. Tourist resorts also offer its guests a more refined, but a fake version of its folklore and traditions, adapted to the stereotypical images of the visited country. According to Mathieson and Wall (1992; 4) the commercialization of culture, through the marketing and sale of artefacts, may revive traditional art forms or modify them so that they are scarcely recognizable. Which in a long term might create a phony folk culture but at the same moment it can lessen existing unemployment problems and create more jobs. The Tourism authorities are pleased of the fact that tourism is developing in the country but some of the local communities have different opinions on that. According to Ignacio Cembrero in View from Fez (2006), the countrys Islamist party frequently rails against hotel casinos, restaurants that serve alcohol and the growing gay club scene (Ranger; 2006). The tourist must accept the cultural differences of other countries. The most of Moroccans are very religious and tourist has to respect it. Even more tolerate Moroccans can become tired of tourists when seeing nudity on the beaches or tourists wearing t-shirts or short trousers in the churches. It insults their believes and rules. A lack of consideration by tourists for local norms, culture, people or the environment of tourist receiving destinations is leading to unsustainable tourism practices (Poon; 1993 in Wahab and Pigram; 2004;51). This point was also commented by Obrador et al (2009;3) who suggest that local cultures are see n as eroded by a homogenous inauthentic, consumer culture. Moreover, overcrowding and growth of the bad reputation of the destination by breaking ethical rules can be destructive for the destination. There are many places in the world which have been spoiled by mass tourism and after the development of low cost airlines many cities has lost their shine. As most of the products also destinations have a lifecycle. It was clearly presented by Butler (1980) in his model of lifecycle of a tourist destination. He evaluated six stages a destination goes through when tourism development takes place: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, concluding with either rejuvenation or decline. At this stage the destination is visited by small number of tourists who are keen to explore cultural and natural beauty of the place but the number of visitors is limited due to accessibility difficulties and lack of facilities. Here the attraction of the place yet remains unmodified by tourism. In the next stage of involvement advertising and local initiatives are seen as the element of promotion of the destination which results in increase of the tourist number with the pressure on the public sector to develop infrastructure. Next step in the cycle is development in which further initiatives for development of facilities are made by national and multinational companies. In this stage the control of the public sector is necessary as the popularity of the destination and increasing number of visitors may not only be the reason of success but also cause failure and the destination may suffer a change in quality through problems of over-use and deterioration of facilities (Butler; 198 0;92). The consolidation is the next level of tourism life cycle when tourism becomes a great part of the local community. Next step of stagnation occurs when after reaching peak numbers of visitors the destination is no longer popular and only conservative visitors are still coming back. In this stage the environmental, economical as well as socio-cultural problems can be seen as the reason. The last stage is decline where effort is need to maintain the tourist arrivals by introducing new types of facilities like for example casinos. Prague is only one of the examples of the life cycle destination. The city has become one of the most visited cities in Europe after Czech Republic became a member of EU and after the growth of mobility (Global Travel Industry News; 2010). This beautiful, full of historical monuments city was rejuvenated in the last two decades. The commercialization of the city took place and the old town became surrounded by souvenir vendors, Irish pubs and beer gardens losing its authenticity. Also the prices have gone up and all locals who couldn ´t afford been forced to move out of town. Its one of the examples when the way of making quick cash has prevailed over the unspoiled charm of the historic Prague. Mass tourism has led to the development of sustainable tourism in order to reduce negative impacts of tourism growth. Later in time the concept of Post Fordism was seen as the customers seem to acquire more power in determining market tendencies. According to Contti and Perelli (2004;9), this change also tend to meet the new demand for environmental friendly tourism products, being new tourists generally perceived as more educated, interested in local communities culture and in a real interaction with the surrounding environment. Since 1980 the sustainable tourism has began to be an important issue in the tourism industry (Swarbrooke; 1999). By creating a new infrastructure, hotels and businesses the employment is increasing. By travelling people have a chance to experience new cultures and traditions, although not every tourist is keen to do that and some visitors are not interested in it and ignore host communities. Sustainable tourism development is directed especially to create a better understanding of tourism, of how to achieve balance between economic, cultural and environmental aspects of tourism development. It is necessary to encourage people to take responsibility for the environment. Moreover, fair distribution of tourism benefits is necessary and the bigger involvement of local community in the tourism development decisions of their region has to be improved. The sustainable tourism directs to reduce negative impact on environment by introduction of quieter, more fuel efficient aircraft to start from to maximizing economic benefits for the host community rather than the visitors countries. Mass tourism is strongly connected to the high seasonal tourism caused by the great demand of 3s tourism tourists all over the world (Bramwell; 2004). That is why diversification of tourism like development of rural tourism has been developed to minimize saturation of the beaches in the high seasons and to avoid mass tourism. The development of sustainable touris m in very important for the countries where tourism industry is a main element of the local economy because the traditional beach holidays will decline caused by the saturation if the mass tourism will be increasing with that speed (Swarbrooke; 1999). According to Perry (2001), the climate change caused by humans will result in future modification of the climate conditions for example in the Mediterranean area, whereas the northern and western Europe climate will be improved. In 1992 on the conference in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil the first strategy document on sustainable tourism has been announced Agenda 21 as the basic economic model of tourism in XXI century (Hanna; 2010). Although, the Agenda 21 has meet various criticism mostly due to its non-binding treaties allowing most of the recommendations surrounding climate change and various other cultural issues to be ignored by the international community (Hanna; 2010). Nowadays, alternative forms of tourism have been emphasized but taking in account that even small group tours can be damaging the sustainable tourism is hard to accomplish. Latest debate of Tourism Concern came to a conclusion that all-inclusive holidays, arguably the epitome of mass-packaged tourism consumption should be banned (Farrington; 1999 cited in Sharpley and Telfer; 2002; 304). For example Gambias tourism authorities have banned all-inclusive holidays in 1999 (Sharpley and Telfer; 2002). It is an effective contribution to the development of destination. This could be a possible solution of applying sustainable tourism into a real life but it is doubtful if it would work for every country. Another alternative solution suggested by France (1997;89) is the development of holiday complexes which provide artificial  ´sun-warm water` environments (e.g. Center Parc villages), located at points of maximum market access which could be an exit for achieving sustainable tourism just if the great number of people would choose it instead of normal holidays. In conclusion, the growth of tourism seems to be inevitably unsustainable. Tourism is giving employment and economic benefits but for example in the Third World countries the division of money is unequal. The powerful developed countries are always going to be stronger than less developed countries if management will not be carefully planned. So even if tourism is bringing money, it is not always bringing it to the right place. Nowadays people blinded by money forgetting about more important things like passing their tradition to the next generation by conserving it. Mass tourism is termed as a neo-colonialism which can be compared to army forces where instead of their invasion we have an invasion of the tourist influx (Dziedzic; 1998). There is no solution to stop people from travelling. The great understanding of negative impacts would lead to better sustainable tourism development but this need a high number of people involved in it which is hard to accomplish as nowadays people don ´t think much about the future risk related to the planet because not to go away is like not possessing a car or a nice house. It is a marker of status in modern societies (Urry; 1990;4). There is a lack of sustainable understanding and adequate tourism control to develop sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism will not eliminate negative impacts of tourism but it could be a way to minimize its impact. Because if the growth in mass tourism will continue as fast as it does now the global warming will be arising and some destinations will suffer unbearably high te mperatures with an increase in the risk of fire. All those changes will lead tourists to changes in their holiday destinations, which not necessarily means stop of mass tourism. Tourist will continue with transport use even if they will reduce their travels, it will be still environmental damaging. All the facts are coming into conclusion that the best way for sustainable tourism would be staying at home.

Descartes’ Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essays

Descartes’ Special Causal Principle      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about existence.   In his Third Meditation, he establishes his "special causal principle" (SCP).   Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God.   I agree that there is much logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes method of proving God's existence, and in this essay I will explain why.   I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists.   I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle.   A conclusion will then follow.    In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists.   In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him.   In order to do so, he must distinguish between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to.   The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP).   At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument.   Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows:    Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1    There are two major outcomes of this logic.   Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect).   To illustrate this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP.   Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize self-evident truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God.   But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealing with metaphysical objects such as ideas.   By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of "clarity" and "distinctness."   Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: Cottingham, John [ed].   Meditations on First Philosophy.   Cambridge University Press.   Great Britain; 1997    Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51    Descartes’ Special Causal Principle Essays -- Philosophy essays Descartes’ Special Causal Principle      Ã‚  Ã‚   In his Meditations, Rene Descartes attempts to uncover certain truths about existence.   In his Third Meditation, he establishes his "special causal principle" (SCP).   Descartes uses this principle to explore the origin of ideas, and to prove the existence of God.   I agree that there is much logic to be found in the SCP, but I disagree with Descartes method of proving God's existence, and in this essay I will explain why.   I will begin by explaining the SCP, and will then demonstrate how Descartes applies this principle to prove that God exists.   I will then present my critique of the SCP, and expose the flaws in both of Descartes proofs with regards to the principle.   A conclusion will then follow.    In Descartes Second Meditation, he established that because he is a thinking being, he exists.   In the Third Meditation, Descartes attempts to build upon this foundation by questioning whether or not anything exists outside of him.   In order to do so, he must distinguish between those of his thoughts that come from outside, and those which only seem to.   The method Descartes uses for this differentiation is the special causal principle (SCP).   At its core, the SCP is a basic cause and effect argument.   Descartes begins his rationale for the SCP as follows:    Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much reality in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.1    There are two major outcomes of this logic.   Firstly, that something cannot come from nothing, and secondly that what contains more reality (or is more perfect) cannot come from something that contains less reality (or is less perfect).   To illustrate this argu... ...clusion, there is undeniable logic in the SCP.   Once the SCP is explained to be founded on the ability to recognize self-evident truths, it becomes a reliable principle through which to explore the existence of God.   But the SCP becomes unclear and less distinct when dealing with metaphysical objects such as ideas.   By extending the SCP to ideas, Descartes ventures too far away from his notions of "clarity" and "distinctness."   Had Descartes chosen not to limit himself to his own thoughts as the sole vehicles for exploring whether or not God exists, he would likely have met with much more success.    BIBLIOGRAPHY: Cottingham, John [ed].   Meditations on First Philosophy.   Cambridge University Press.   Great Britain; 1997    Notes 1 Paragraph 41 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paragraph 43 5 Paragraph 45 6 Paragraph 42 7 Paragraph 51   

Bush, Blair and Iraq :: War on Terrorism

On April 9, 2003 United States tanks stormed through Baghdad, Iraq. U.S. troops, then, toppled a giant statue of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein in central Baghdad, which sent the Iraqi citizens into jubilee (Rampton 1). The Iraq War, or government's coined 'Operation Iraqi Freedom,' had finally arrived after declaring war on March 19, 2003. The U.S.-British coalition to invade Iraq and dethrone Hussein's dictatorship has been both a beneficial and detrimental political move. A war that originated because of Hussein's reluctance to weapons inspections now has become a messy situation where U.S.-British troops are dying more after major combat has ceased. President George W. Bush declared this war on 'terror' and, as a result, invaded Iraq on the grounds that Hussein had weapons of mass destruction which threatened American and world security. Prime Minister Tony Blair agreed with Bush that the world would be safer when Iraq disarmed its WMDs and pledged British troops fully to t he American war effort against terrorism. Over one year after invading Iraq, Hussein is captured, no weapons of mass destruction have been found, disturbing photos of abuse of Iraqi detainees, Dr. Kelly's mysterious death, and other nations providing troops are withdrawing?what arises out of all this is a question: Was Iraq worth it? Bush and Blair will both argue that even with all the setbacks, Iraqi citizens are better off now than under the Hussein regime, especially with the forthcoming of democracy. Critics dispute Iraq was invaded for financial reasons. Nevertheless, both Bush and Blair have seen their approval rating dip as the war continues, and it may ultimately hurt their reelection chances and prove that Iraq was too costly. Propaganda is a crucial element of a proficient government. However, it must be noted that propaganda is not a tool used for good, rather it is a weapon used to inflict biased views. Hence, propaganda is implemented to all facets of a citizen?s life. Ultimately, the goal of propaganda is to manipulate behavior and behavioral patterns; external rather than internal public opinion is sought. Voting, buying products, selecting entertainment, joining organizations, displaying symbols, fighting for a cause, donating to an organization, and other forms of action responses are sought from the audiences who are addressed by the persuader and propagandist. (Jossett, 45) To become an ?ideal? citizen, one must do all the aforementioned to provide for one?

The Awakening - Personality Developments :: essays research papers

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT The idea that one can understand and comprehend the development of an individual is profound and abstruse, but very few people have actually had success dealing with such a topic. From obstacles such as proper test subjects to the whole stigma of taboo attached in trying to understand the human mind, researchers and psychologists have had success. One of the most notable successes is that of Sigmund Freud, the father of modern psychology, as we know it. Freud’s in depth pioneering journey into the minds of people, and how the mind itself develops with the passing of time and events. Other modern psychologists have elaborated on Freud, including the psychologists Erik Erikson and Karen Horney. Their thoughts on the personality development of people relate directly to Kate Chopin’s book, The Awakening. In this book, the theories discussed by Freud and his successors are shown explicitly and implicitly. Obviously, Sigmund Freud’s work in the field of personality development was by far the most prolific and controversial. The father of modern psychology, Freud broke all barriers to expose what he thought to be the real reasons for human behavior. His theories of personality development can best start with the discussion of the conscious and the unconscious mind. The conscious mind—along with the lesser preconscious mind—is that part of the mind that one has control, or knowledge of. Ironically, this is the least part of the mind that one has control over. The so called "subconscious" mind is the part of the mind that lurks beneath the surface, filled with instincts, emotions, and unfulfilled desires (Shaffer 26). The total human mind is divided into the famous three parts of the Id, the ego, and the superego. The Id can be correlated directly to the subconscious, since it contains one’s innermost thoughts, feelings, and desires, or as Freud w ould call them, "wishes". The Id represents one’s innermost and primitive desires, such as food and reproduction, and it constantly drives one’s actions. The total antithesis of the Id is the superego. The superego in the case of personality development, comes directly from parents. This superego is consisted of the conscience (punishments and warnings) and the ego ideal (positive rewards and role models). Thus the superego can be defined as what keeps the Id in check, which leads to the ego. The ego is the rationalizing factor, it is the result of the superego and the Id, canceling each other out.

Anatomy: Dermis

The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the ___________. | epidermis| | cutaneous plexus| | hypodermis| | -reticular layerThe reticular and papillary layers together compose the dermis. | What structure is responsible for the strength of attachment between the epidermis and dermis? | stratum corneum| | basement membrane| | -epidermal ridge| | stratum lucidumThe deeper the epidermal ridge, the stronger the attachment. | The type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis are | Dendritic cells. | | -keratinocytes. | | adipocytes. | | melanocytes. | fibroblasts. | The tough â€Å"horny† superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the | stratum spinosum. | | stratum lucidum. | | stratum granulosum. | | -stratum corneum. | | Stratum germinativum. | Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the | stratum spinosum. | | stratum lucidum. | | stratum granulosum. | | -stratum corneum. | | stratum germinativum. | Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is termed ________ perspiration. | sensible| | latent| | -insensible| | inactive|The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the | dermis. | | stratum corneum. | | -epidermis. | | subcutaneous layer. Water loss from insensible perspirationIs approximately . 5 liters a dayThe epidermis of the skin is composed of which type of tissue? keratinized stratified squamous epitheliumThe layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the| | is approximately 0. 5 liters a day. | | depends on apocrine sweat glands. | | is negligible. | | always exceeds sensible perspiration. | is too small to be measured reliably. | | Stratum germinatiumThe protein that reduces water loss at the skin surface isKeratinWhile walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penet rate? 5From what structure does sensible perspiration occur? Sweat glandsCell divisions within the stratum __________ replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off. GerminativumThe cells of stratum corneum were initially produced in the __________. tratum germinativumMelanocytes _____________. store melanin in melanosomesThe primary pigments contained in the epidermis arecarotene and melanin. An albino individual lacks the ability to produceMelaninMelanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum ________. BasaleThe dark pigment melanin is produced within __________. MelanocytesThe layer directly beneath the epidermis is the __________. DemisCell divisions within the stratum __________ replace more superficial cells which eventually die and fall off.GerminativumWhich of these is not an accessory structure of the skin? DermisThe epidermal layer that consists almost entirely of keratin is the __________. Stratum corneumThe cells of stratum corneum were initially produced in the __________. stratum germinativumEach of the following is a function of the integumentary system, exceptSynthesis of vitamin CThe two components of the integumentary system are thecutaneous membrane and accessory structures. the type of cells that form the strata in the epidermis rekeratinocytesThe tough â€Å"horny† superficial layer of the epidermis is known as theStratum corneumLarge quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called theStratum corneumWater loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is termed ________ perspiration. InsensibleThe layer of the epidermis that contains abundant desmosomes is theStratum spinosumThe most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed ________. Melanoma**Skin cancer that starts in the stratum germinativum is called ________Types of skin cancers includesquamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma.Children in northern regions experience months of inadequate sun light exposure on the skin. To prevent possible abnormal bone development, what essential organic nutrient is necessary in the diet? CholecalciferolAn important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight isVitamin dThe epidermis receives blood from which of the following? Dermal arteries called papillary plexusThe layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.ReticularThe protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin isElastinSkin inflammation that primarily involves the papillary layer is termedDermatitisA surgical incision parallel to the lines of cleavageCloses and heals with relatively little scarringStretch marks occur whenthe skin is so extensively stretched that its elastic limits are exceeded. Which tissue is located in the region labeled â€Å"2†? Areolar connective tissueWhich of these cells produce the fibers found within the reticular layer of the dermis?FibroblastsThe skin can move easily over the underlying muscles because of the loose connective tissue within the __________. HypodermisThe layer primarily responsible for the strength of the skin is the __________ layer. ReticularWhich of the following glands secretes sweat into the hair follicle? ApocrineA common cause of dandruff isInflammation around sebaceous glandsThe ________ glands in the axilla become active at the time of puberty. Apocrine sweatSensible perspiration is produced by ________ glands.Merocrine sweatThe highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is foundOn the palms of the hands________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrineEach of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands and sebum is true, except one. Identify the exception. | Most sebaceous glands are coiled tubula r glands. | Merocrine sweat glandssecrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.Which of the following types of glands helps cool the body? Merocrine sweat glandsSudoriferous glands are also called __________ glands. SweatMerocrine sweat glands are most abundant in the __________. HandsCollagen to repair a deep skin wound is produced by __________. Dermal fibroblastsMast cells are triggering a response to injury during which phase of repair? InflammatoryDuring which phase of injury repair is the scab undermined by epidermal cells? ProliferationDuring the proliferation phase, around a week after injury, the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells.Shedding of the scab and completion of the epidermis occurs during which phase of injury repair? MaturationThe type of burn that may require a skin graft is a3rd degree burnWhich of these is a primary role of the skeletal system? Calcium homeostasisLeverageMuscle attachment siteWhich of these is not part of the skeletal sy stem? TendonsPart of skeletal system:Bones cartilage ligamentsThe end of a long bone is known as the __________. EpiphysisThe patella is an example of a __________ bone. Sesamoid boneOsteoblasts are squamous cells that develop into ___________.OsteocytesOsteoblasts differentiate from __________. Osteoprogenitor cellsWhich of the following characteristics applies to the cells known as osteoclasts? The cells dissolve matrixCells that secrete collagen fibers are called ________. OsteoblastsCells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the ________. OsteoclastsCells that free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels are called ________. OsteoclastsIn bone, the calcium phosphate forms crystals of ________. HydroxyapatiteStem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells.OsteoprogenitorThe narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are calledCanaliculiThe lacunae of osseous tissue containOsteocytesThe most abundant cell type in bone isOsteocytes________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. OsteoprogenitorThrough the action of osteoclasts,Bony matrix is dissolvedCells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are calledOsteoblastsThis cell functions to _________. Break down boneSpongy bone is filled with ____________. Red marrowThe type of bone that forms the diaphysis of a long bone is called __________ bone.CompactSpongy bone comprises an open meshwork of osseous spicules called __________. TrabeculaeThe superficial membrane of a bone is called the ________. PeriosteumThe matrix in spongy bone forms struts and arches called ________. Trabeculae________ fibers are stronger than steel when stretched. CollagenBlood is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as ________. Perforating canalsod is distributed from the surface of a bone to deeper central canals through channels known as ________.Endo steum________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. SpongyWhich statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatitethe trabeculae of spongy boneare organized along stress linesThe structural units of mature compact bone are calledOsteonsFat is stored within theMedullary cavity________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. RedWhen production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal platesBecome narrowerMigration of osteoblasts into the ___________ creates the __________. piphysis, secondary ossification centerMigration of capillaries and osteoblasts into the epiphysis creates the secondary ossification center. The cell designated by the arrow _________. requires oxygen and nutrients to functionOxygen and nutrients are essential to osteoblasts and formation of new bone. Migration of blood vessels into the central region of the cartilage bone model, starting bone development, occurs at which site? Primary ossification centerIf osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts, bones may become __________. Any of these changes may result if osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts.Which of these cell types plays a role in bone remodeling? osteoblast| | | osteocyte| The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called ________ . RemodelingCalcitriol is required for __________. absorbing dietary calcium and phosphateWhich of these is not required for normal bone formation? Vitamin EWhich of these factors does not contribute significantly to normal bone formation? Potassium intake________ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix. SexExcessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result inGiantismA lack of exercise couldresult in porous and eak bones. When stress is applied to a bone,the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblastsRoughly what portion of the body's total calcium content is dep osited in the skeleton? 99%The hormone __________ increases the blood level of calcium. parathyroid hormoneA drop in blood calcium levels stimulates the secretion of __________. parathyroid hormoneHow is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone? Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract so calcium is available for ossification and remodeling.A child with rickets often hasBowed legsHundreds of years ago explorers often died of scurvy. How can this bone-related disease be prevented? Supplement the diet with fresh fruit rich in vitamin C. The hormone calcitonin functions todecrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways, except that itInhibits calcitonin secretionElevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormoneCalcitoninThe most abundant mineral in the human body isCalciumParathyroid hormone causes what response in the kidneys?Retention of calcium i onsWhich hormone increases blood calcium upon secretion? Parathyroid hormoneCalcium levels below 8. 5 mg/dL causes PTH production and calcium releaseWhen a fractured bone heals it leaves a thickened region known as a ____________. CallusWhat is normally found at a fracture hematoma? Dead boneBone fragmentsBlood clotIn a __________ fracture, the broken bone penetrates through the skin. CompoundAfter a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called theExternal callusA bone scan of an older patient revealed the beginnings of osteoporosis. Which of these interventions is not recommended?Bed restthe natural age-related loss of bone mass is called ________. OsteopeniaIf a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? increases in blood levels of calcium| | | bone fragility| | decreased bone density| Aging has what effect on the skeletal system? Loss of calcium a nd collagen fibers from matrixA condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is calledOsteoporosisIf osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts, bones will becomeOsteopenicWhy does osteoporosis affect more women than men?Women have a decrease in sex hormones after menopause whereas men continue to produce male sex hormones throughout adulthood. The bone in this image is __________. Typical of osteopeniaOsteoclast-activating factor does all of the following, except that itis released in large amounts early in life. Which of the following is not a part of the axial division of the skeletal system? Pelvic girdleWhich of the following is not part of the axial skeleton? Pelvic girdleHow many bones make up the axial skeleton? 80Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?PatellaWhich of the following bones is NOT part of the vertebral column? RibsWhich bone of the axial skeleton protects the brain? CraniumThe hard palate is formed primarily by the __________ bon es. MaxillaryWhich structure does the sella turcica support? Pituitary glandWhich bone supports the larynx superiorly? HyoidWhich two bones contribute to the zygomatic arch? Temporal and zygomatiche ________ bone is unusual because it doesn't contact another bone. Hyoid The inferior portion of the nasal septum is formed by the ________. VomerIn the condition known as a(n) ________, the nasal septum has a bend in it.Deviated septumInfection of the large process on the temporal bone would be called ________. MastoiditisDamage to the temporal bone would most likely affect the sense(s) ofHearing and balanceThe function of the hyoid bone is toAnchor the tongue musclesThe bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by theperpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bone. What organ is located in the lacrimal fossa? Tear glandLigaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to theStyloid processThe occipital condyles of the skull articulate with theAtlasThe foramen magnum is found in the ________ bone.OccipitalNerves that serve the lower lip and chin pass through the ____________. Mental foramenA nerve that carries sensory information from the teeth and gums of the lower jaw passes through theMandibular foramenWhich of the following statements about the paranasal sinuses is true? They are lined with ciliated epitheliumMake skull bones lighterConnect nasal cavitiesWhich of these bones is not part of the orbital complex? VomerThe paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones, except theZygomaticThe widest intervertebral discs are found in the ________ region.LumbarThe odontoid process is found on theAxisThe part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is theVertebral bodyThe vertebral column contains ________ lumbar vertebrae. 5The vertebral column contains ________ thoracic vertebrae. 12True ribs have cartilage directly connected to the sternum and are therefore also called ________ ribs. VertebrosternalHumans norma lly have __________ pairs of ribs12 | | | loss of calcium and collagen fibers from matrix| | increase in adipose tissue in epiphyses| | | | Osteoclast| |

Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment Essay

List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. If a toddler is sick they will say they are sick. Health management is dependent on the parent. Washing hands and brushing their teeth are basic activities that a toddler can perform with the parents giving instruction. Preschoolers care curious of their bodies and its functions. They can also verbalize pain.At this age they are aware of their own body functions and when they are ailing. They also have an abstract understanding of what health and factors causing illness. If the parent lacks knowledge of health issues this could be a safety issue for the toddler. Neglecting teaching the toddler how to brush teeth, cavities develop. Anxiety can occur on the surrounding the body and the fear of mutilation and death concerns. Preschoolers are also at risk for diseases if they are vaccinated or they are behind on their immunizations. Poor hygiene and may not show interest in their appearance. Depending on the beliefs of the parents the child may develop cavities, develop illnesses due to not immunizing the child. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Can eat with their hands, often can use a spoon and drink from a cup. Are usually weaned from the breast or bottle to a cup or Sippy cup. They are capable of washing their own fruits/vegetables once instructed by the parent. Are at risk in developing allergies, if they haven’t developed earlier. They understand the differences between healthy and unhealthy foods, and will likely eat healthy unless the parent lets them eat they want. 1200 to 1800 calories per day is the recommended for school age children. Difficulty swallowing. At risk for cavities if the parents give the child a bottle of milk of juice at bedtime.May be obese or under weight Eat a lot of junk food when allowed by the parent/caregiverDepending on their culture and the access to the different types of food. They may not have access to healthy foods. If their families are busy and don’t have time to cook they will either skip a meal or get fast food, which can place them from the fatty contents into obesity. Pattern of Elimination: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Ready for potty training Parents need to watch for sign of potty training i.e.: grabbing at their crotch or squatting down as if to go to the bathroomMost preschoolers have become independent with toileting. Are capable of hygiene after toileting, doesn’t mean they clean themselves completely.Most have complete control of their bowel and bladder, can dress and undress themselves. Their bowel and bladder patterns are almost as that of an adult. Hard to potty train, parents can get frustrated. Toddler can fail potty training if parent or parents become upset every time the toddler has an accidentSome are not independent with toileting, which can cause others to tease them. Forget to do proper hygiene after going to the toilet or forget to wash their hands, flush toilet.5-7 million in the U.S. have problems with bedwetting and stool incontinence. Able to complain if having problems with urination or with bowel movements. Pattern of Activity and Exercise: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Most toddlers are very active Able to run, climb and start training to learn to ride a tricycle, and roller skating. Playing is their primary focus. Can easily be separated from the parent for periods of time.Physical activity is important for health promotion. Can help prevent obesity. Changes in motor skill increases their strength, balance and coordination. Toddlers are very curious which could cause injury to child, especially if there is a chemical just left around for them to get into, such as alcohol, anti-freeze etc. Leads to poisoning if ingested. If left for a second outside by a swimming pool the toddler may think they can swim, instead they drown. Are place at times in front of the TV to keep them quiet. Can lead to not having an interest in learning just wanting to watch TV. Expresses anger while playing could lead in time to other issues. (Pent up anger can lead to bullying, being mean to animals etc.)Parents allowing child to watch TV or play video games instead of interacting with them. Can lead them to become obese due to immobility and increased snacking due to boredom. Some children are pressured both physically and psychologically into playing sports. Cognitive/Perceptual Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Can learn and interpret objects and events to what the objects are used for or how they play with them. Able to recognize some objects by name. Able to interact with others their age. Play is more to what they see in life i.e. watched snow white and starts enacting part. Constantly questions. Starting with the Why? (I call it the Why stage)Understands others feeling. Have basic understanding of morality and ethics. (What is right and wrong). At risk for developmental problems ( if a child is an only child and doesn’t interact with other children) Some develop slower than others Can have problems forming complete sentences, which causes problems of being understood. Has imaginary friends, that they blame for their bad behavior5 to 10 percent of school age children have a learning disorder, due to either speech impediment, difficulty reading or writing. If problems aren’t identified early can cause learning problems. Pattern of Sleep and Rest: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Require 12 hours of sleep with naps during the day. Needs to have a night time routine such as baths before bed, and assigned time for bed. Requires 8 to 12 hours of sleep, less nap time or decreased nap time at this age. Needs a nightly routine, such as bath, reading a book, alone time to unwind and fall asleep.Requires 8 to 12 hours sleep. Don’t need nap times. Easily falls asleep If over tired can cause the toddler not to be able to relax and fall asleep. Which can cause them to be less active the next day If they have nightmares don’t wake them just soothe them back to sleep. Some have difficulty falling asleep or stays up late and has difficulty the following day with concentration and easily falls asleep during the day. Have increased nightmares or are scared of the dark which keeps them from falling asleep. A night light can help alleviate the problem. Some can develop sleep disturbances such as sleep walking/talking or bed wetting. Are at risk for injuries due to sleep walking. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Can walk, feed themselves, answer simple questions and  follow directions and respond to their name. In order to learn autonomy they need to become more dependent of themselves instead of others. Continue to develop their sense of self through task-oriented and social experiences. Begin to have their own clothing style and prefer to dress themselves.Are immersed in the process of self-discovery. Exploring and grow through physiological growth cognitive and social development. Has and increasing desire for competitiveness and desires to master whatever they are doing. Potential for conflict between toddler and toddler’s need for more autonomy and parental expectations and safety limits, especially if the parents don’t understand the need for autonomy. If unable to perform tasks or contribute to the family, they may develop guilt and feelings of inadequacy. Can become sensitive to criticism by othersPeers of the same age can affect the child’s feelings of self-worth and sense of belonging in a negative way resulting in a low self-esteem. Those with chronic illnesses or disabilities worry about their peer relationships. Role-Relationship Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List 2 potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.They know their family members and have developed a mutual relationship based on what that person does for the child. Fears strangers Family is still important and plays a vital role in the child’s life, but there is an increasing desire to play with other children. Show affection to loved ones.Developing more friendships and relationships outside the family. Although family environment provides a sense of security that allows the child to cope. As they get older they take on responsibilities with the family and usually interact well with the family. At this age they understand their role within the family Tend to not like a new sibling coming into the family. May ask that the infant be takin away. Attaches to one parent and tends to cry if they leave or are left with other people. Those that have sensory or developmental issues usually play by themselves or do not show emotion towards anyone. Relate to older children and may not play well with children their own age. This group also can have sensory or developmental issues usually playing by themselves or show no emotions towards anyone. This age group if not given limitations or setting expected behavior can be at risk for problems. Sexuality – Reproductive Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Genital exploration and masturbation is normal occurrence in the toddler. Becomes more curious about genital organs and may touch their genitalia during diaper change.Have gender awareness and they usually identify with their own gender. Develop curiosity towards the opposite gender. Develop breasts, pubic hair and other signs indicating there onset of puberty. Increased awareness of their body, its functioning and the need for sexual identity. Naturally curious about sex. May act inappropriately by touching themselves in front of others or may try and touch others. The parent needs to direct them to the appropriate behavior. If parents use cute words for describing the child’s genitals this could cause a potential problem. Using the correct words will not confuse the child. There could be a potential problem if the preschooler is teased about their interest in sexual information. The parent should give simple but accurate answers. Preschoolers might not like a certain gender. This may indicate possible negative body image or a struggle with his or her own gender identity.If the parent is unable to or unwilling to discuss sexual matters with them could cause a potential problem. This could result in unsafe sex if the wrong information is obtained from their friends. May dress inappropriately to get sexual attention. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List wo potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.Their temperament is the foundation for their ability to cope. They develop new ways to cope with each new stressor. Such as throwing temper tantrums or they may cling to their parent out of fear. They utilize the same coping mechanisms as the toddler, such as separation anxiety, regression, denial, repression and projection. May use a safety blanket or a doll as security.Coping mechanisms for school-age is the use of defense mechanisms, controlling behavior, use of repetition, humor and exercise. They also may cope with listening to music, talking to friends or engaging in sports or activities. Those that have a difficult temperament are less adaptable and have more moods that are negative. They may use aggressive behaviors such as kicking, or punching, or may regress to an earlier stage. These behaviors can be distressing to parents and cause them to feel ineffective in their roles. They also use regressive behavior as the toddler where they refuse to follow directions. This can include persistent tantrums. May become withdrawn, day dreaming behavior is normal or may indicate a sensory or developmental problem.Life stressors could include competition, homework, failure at home or school and decisions whether to cheat, steal or join a certain group of peers. Factors for at risk are depression including homelessness, death of a parent, divorce, hospitalization, chronic illness, and learning problems. This could lead to the child using drugs or alcohol or they may want to harm themselves or others. Pattern of Value and Beliefs: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group.The toddler will respond with good behavior is given positive feed- back. Healthy behaviors are expressions of positive values and beliefs. These are learned. They learn family values and beliefs about what is right and wrong. Praise should be intermixed with adequate, controlled discipline. Preschoolers begin to demonstrate some internal controls over actions and behaviors. Preschoolers attend church, learn prayers and are taught religious beliefs from their caregivers. Cultural, religious and parental values influence the school-age child’s ethical and moral development. School-age children are able to make decisions related to moral and ethical issues. They know right from wrong. Parents may often only attend to toddlers when they are misbehaving. Caregivers do not use positive reinforcement and/or they do not discipline child for bad behavior. Preschoolers, like toddlers, lack fully developed consciences. Immaturity limits the consistency and effectiveness of internal controls. This may lead to rule breaking and disrespect to everyone around him or her. Peers or inappropriate content on television can negatively influence preschoolers.School-age children may bend to peer pressure in a negative way to â€Å"look good† for their peers. School-age children may frequently lie due to fantasy, exaggerations and  inaccurate understanding. Short Answer Questions Address the following based on the above assessment findings. Expected answers will be 1-2 paragraphs in length. Cite and reference outside sources used. 1)Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. As a child moves from being a toddler through preschool to school-aged, they are faced with many challenges to overcome. Development growth, which is subject to the child’s environment and sphere of influential people and pressures in their lives, is directly shaped and guided by their family’s culture, religion and value/belief system. The differences are seen in how each developmental phase interacts and responds within each health assessment pattern. The toddler and preschool child need more structure and routine, whether it’s brushing their teeth, eating or bedtime rituals. School-aged children take the values and learned behaviors of being a toddler and build upon them as they move toward building their own self-concept and sense of identity. There are similarities as the children strive for autonomy and the ability to express themselves verbally. As the child continues to learn, they will develop an understanding of good behaviors and bad behaviors 2)Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer. When the nurse is caring for a child, the nurse must remember that they are essentially caring for two patients, the child and the parent (Jarvis, 2012). For a nurse, the assessment, examination and interaction with a child patient offer its own set of challenges and require a different approach  from that of an adult. When dealing the toddler and preschooler, the nurse should interact with the caregiver, giving the child the opportunity to see the nurse’s interaction with their caregiver. This allows the child to see that the caregiver has accepted and trusts the nurse. For the toddler and the preschooler, the parent will be providing most, if not all of the health history. With the pre-school-age population, they may be the sole source of important data to the history (Jarvis, 2012). The nurse should interview the child and caregiver together, and they should be present at all exams. With children of each stage of development, the nurse must be cognizant of verbal and non-verbal cues provided by the child. The nurse should be mindful that there could be cultural and/or spiritual considerations to take into account, like when undressing a child of the opposite sex. The nurse needs to ensure that the caregiver and the child feel comfortable with and during the interview, assessment, examination and educational/patient teaching phases of the visit. Strategies that the nurse might incorporate include awareness of the various developmental stages that children go through. When performing a physical assessment of a child the nurse should be at eye level. When talking to the child and explaining concepts the nurse should use simple language that they child can understand. The nurse should allow the child to hold instruments, like a stethoscope, during the physical exam to help them feel like they are involved in their own care. Sharing reading materials or media to look at can help divert their attention away from the nurse. References: Edelman, C., & Mandle, C., (2010). Health Promotion through the Life Span. 7th ed. St. Louis, MI: Mosby. Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination & Health Assessment 6th ed. St. Louis, MI: Mosby.