Application of Gas Chromatography in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Application of Gas Chromatography in Pharmaceutical AnalysisChromatography is a physical method of interval in which comp championnts to be separated atomic number 18 distributed between two descriptors, wizard of which is stationary material body slice the other mobile phase move in a decisive direction. The stationary phase may be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid or a gel. The mobile phase may be gaseous or liquid. The basis for gas chromatography separation is the distribution of a examine between two phases. one of these phases is a stationary bed of large surface ara, and the other phase is a gas which percolates through the stationary bed. The physical state of the mobile phase distinguishes the fundamental type of a chromatographic separation. Liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC) and super critical fluid chromatography (SFC) all named for the state of their respective mobile phases.The first soulfulness to chromatography was Tswett (1872-1919) the Russian chemist. He utilise chromatography from the Greek for colour chroma and write- graphein to describe his work on the separation of coloured plant pigments. Until 1930s chromatography in the fashion of thin-layer and ion-exchange chromatography became a regularly used technique. In 1940 development of partition chromatography and paper chromatography fol secondaryed by the first disclosure of effective gas chromatography (GC) by Martin and his co-worker crowd together in 1953. GC is a technique for separating volatile substances by percolating a gas stream over a stationary phase. It is a technique that revolutionized uninflected chemistry. GC has been applied successfully to numerous compounds in variety of fields. Headspace GC has been used since the 1980s, but only recently has it become part of mainstream of pharmaceutic analysis. In this essay GC technical aspect and its finishing for pharmaceutic denary analysis has been explained. Moreover, the comparative a dvantage over other techniques and the disadvantage of using GC has been also discussed and reached on roughly conclusion.2. Gas Chromatography2.1 Technical AspectIn GC the components to be separated are carried through the tugboat by an impersonal gas. Here the mobile phase is a gas, often nitrogen, but sometimes helium, hydrogen or occasionally another gas. It is called the carrier gas. GC is equipped with measurement oven for temperature programming, split/split less injection ports and flame ionization detector. The sample mixture is partitioned between the carrier gas and a non volatile solvent (stationary phase ) supported on an inert size-graded solid. The solvent selectively retards the sample components, according to their distribution coefficient, until they form separate bands in the carrier gas. These component bands leave the column in the gas stream and are recorded as a function of time by a detector. This elution technique has the following advantages The column is unendingly regenerated by the inert gas phase.Usually the sample components are completely separated and mixed only with an inert gas making collection and quantitative determinations easy.The analysis time is very short.In general GC is a powerful and widely used technique for the separation, identification and quantitation of components in a mixture.In this technique a sample is converted to the vapor state and a flowing stream of carrier gas sweeps the sample into a thermally -controlled column. In GC the column is usually packed with solid particles that coated with a non-volatile solvent. Retention time is defined from injection of the sample to time a specific sample component is detected. After exiting the column the separated components are detected and a detector response is recorded. Polarity and boiling points of the components are also merry properties in GC separation. While polarity is the major factor governing separation the boiling points of components of the sample also play a signifi drive outt enjoyment in determining the retention time. Components with higher volatility have lower boiling point.2.2 Advantages of GC2.2.1. SpeedThe entire analysis is completed less than half(prenominal) an hours. The use of gas as the moving phase has the advantage of rapid equilibrium between the moving and stationary phases and allows high carrier gas velocities to be employed. Separations requiring only seconds have been reported, however, analysis time of minutes duration is more common in GC. Preparative scale separations, or resolution of wide-boiling intricate samples may require hours.2.2.2. ResolutionThe separation of some compounds such as methyl esters of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids by other techniques is utmost(prenominal)ly difficult or impossible. The boiling point differences are negligible in that the compounds vary only in degree of unsaturation. By using selective solvents, however, GC can provide resolution impossible by di stillation or other techniques.2.2.3. Qualitative AnalysisThe retention time in GC is that time from injection to peak maxima. This property is characteristic of the sample and the liquid phase at a given temperature. With proper flow and temperature control, it can be reproduced to within 1% and used to identify each peak. some(prenominal) compounds has only one retention time. This retention time is not influenced by the presence of other components.2.2.4. Quantitative AnalysisThe area peak produced for each on chromatogram is proportional to concentration of the peak in GC analysis. This can be used to determine the exact concentration of each component. Accuracy attainable with GC depends upon, detector, integration method and sample concentration.2.2.5. SensitivityA major reason for the extensive analytical application of GC is the sensitivity available. The simplest forms of thermal conductivity cells can determine down to 0.1 %.The flame detector soft sees parts per million, and the specific electron capture and phosphorus detectors can measure parts per billion. An advantage of this extreme sensitivity is the small size sample or micro liters of sample are sufficient for complete analysis. This is indeed trace analysis is also easily achieved. It is simple to operate and understand. Interpretation of the data obtained is also rapid and straight forward. The cost of GC is very low compared to the data obtained.3. Application of GC in Pharmaceutical AnalysisThe major success of the application of GC in pharmaceutical quantitative analysis is firstly due to the very high efficiencies of separation power, secondly to the extreme sensitivity of the detection of heretofore very small amounts of separated species and finally to the precision and accuracy of the data from quantitative analyses of very complex mixtures. GC analyses are also easy to automate from sample introduction to separation. Because of the above main advantages and its short analysis tim e and reliable issues GC is used as quality control purposes in the pharmaceutical industry. In fact pharmaceutical analysis generally involves two steps separation of the compound of saki and quantitation of the compounds. The better the separation the easier the quantitation. GC detectors have different responses to each compound. In order to determine quantitative amounts of various compounds in a separation the detector must be calibrated using standards. Standard solutions of sample are injected and the detector response recorded. Comparison of the standard and sample retention times allows qualitative analysis of the sample. Comparison of the peak area of the standards with that of the sample allows quantitation of analyte. Due to this fact, GC is widely used as a routine analytical technique in pharmaceutical quantitative analysis mostly used in for the determination of organic volatile impurities and nicotine level during drugs formulation.3.1. Determination of Organic Vo latile Impurities by GCOrganic Volatile impurities are eternal rest solvents that are used in and are produced during the synthesis of drug substances, or in excipients used in the product of drug formulations. Many of these residual solvents generally cannot be completely removed by standard manufacturing processes or techniques and are left behind, preferably at low levels. Organic solvents such as acetone, ethyl acetate, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and toluene frequently used in pharmaceutical industry for the manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical ingredients therefore ,in manufacturing drug substances and from one or more steps of the synthetic process, volatile solvents can be retained in the end products. Most of the time ethanol and acetone are used in the preparation of the polymeric coating of tablets. On other hand isopropyl alcohol is used in the crystallization of the active ingredient while ethyl acetate is a process solvent for the gel forming polym er. Low levels of these organic solvents are inevitably present in the drug product even after drying process. These organic volatile residuals affect physiochemical properties of a drug, such as particle size, dissolution rate and stability, but also can present a serious potential health hazard. Very often these solvents, referred to as residual solvents, are carried to the pharmaceutical preparation concerned and making their determination very important. Therefore, GC is superior to other techniques for analysis of these residual solvents. It provide good retention and separation at low oven temperatures. Due to the above fact the content of residual organic solvents in pharmaceutical industry is routinely measured by GC technique.3.2. Determination of Nicotine by GCBecause of its rapid and accurate analytical result GC is used to determine the nicotine level in pharmaceutical drugs formulation. GC applications in combination with other techniques are also vital in pharmaceutica l industries for isolation and characterization of volatile compounds.Currently the use of GC in pharmaceutical quantitative analysis is very usual and include the analysis of samples of active pharmaceutical ingredients and their intermediates as well as in- process testing for residual solvents to optimize the drying process.4. Discussion and Conclusion4.1. DiscussionThe disadvantage of GC are that the components of the sample must be volatile at temperature at which they will not decompose. As there are more involatile materials than there are volatile, and volatility immediately places a serious limitation on the field of application. In addition to these GC is also strongly retained components travel very slowly, or in some cases do not move at all. However, this difficulty can be overcome by using temperature programming of the column to decrease elution time. Temperature programming is the make up of temperature during an analysis to provide a faster and more adaptable analy sis.4.2. ConclusionEven though, GC has a few limitation in field of application due to its high detector sensitivity and high resolving power it is generally used extensively in pharmaceutical industry both in research and quality control purposes.

Literature and communities

Literature and communitiesLiterature can help people to pop a real in depth view of life through someone elses shoes. You can almost get lost into another world epoch reading a book. No matter if that world is fiction or non-fiction, it can take the reader to an unfamiliar place and make them incur comfy in that space. A person can take something away from what they admit read in some form of literature and put it to use into their communities. Something as simple as a feeling, viewpoint, or even a new perspective, can bring a new knowledge on the whole expectation of something. Literature can help to add culture to a readers life. Anytime a person adds culture to their life, they would have a positive affect on our beau monde because they have been enriched with literature. Everyone has different points of view that they wish to express in life, regardless of the theme. Everyone also has different opinions as with literature. Each individual that reads a poem or a story is af fected by it differently. However, the common ground for literature and the community and every person that reads it is this we all must start at the inauguration earlier we get to the last page or line from a poem.Every community has been affected by literature since the beginning of time. At first, some people did not have the pleasures of being able to read and write and therefore could not appreciate literature. But once they were taught how to read, interests in reading became habitual through many communities. Communities are affected by historical stories, autobiographies, fiction, non-fiction, and even poetry told by authors. It is somewhat like a domino effect that has been calamity for many years and it allow for continue to grow and affect those in the future.The readings from this pasts week even show how communities are affected by literature. My first lawsuit is in the The Prodigal Son by Luke, (cited in DiYanni, 2007, page 27) is two sons and their get under ones skin. One son works by his brings side wi atomic number 19t complaining. The other son, however, asks for his inheritance as soon as he is old enough to speak with his father about it. The father in this story does as per his sons request and sells his half of the repose and gives the money to his son. That son wastefully spends all of his fortune and loses all of his friends when the money is gone. He ends up homeless and be scrape ups very desperate until he realizes that he will go home and ask his father to become one of his servants. The servants were not as poor and desperate as he was becoming. Naturally his father was so delighted by having his son come home that he holds a feast in honor of the son returning. Then the other son complains to his father about being loyal while the other son did not remain loyal. The father answers his sons complaint with a great explanation son thou art ever with me and all that I have is thinefor this thy brother was dead and is alive again and was lost and is now found (cited in DiYanni, 2007, page 28). The father was simply saying that what is his is theirs and he was thankful that his son learned his life lesson.This story affects the community because it gives people a sense of hope when there is despair. steady when people can bring on their own problems by selfish acts, faith, hope, and love can help people get through the toughest of times. I feel that this story has a very prominent part of the religious community. A person can still receive forgiveness in spite of the occurrence of the thing they may have done wrong. I most certainly can relate to this story because I have know that I have hurt my mother time and time again, but no matter how big and ridiculous my mistakes have been, she is always there to help and guide me. That is wherefore I feel that if I am impacted by this story that my community is also.Another story from this weeks readings showing the relationship of how the community is aff ected by literature is AP by John Updike (cited in DiYanni, 2007, page 32). This story is about a young man that is employed by the same supermarket chain as in the title. He tries to suffer for three girls in hopes that they will notice him but they do not exactly give him the time of day. There are these three girls that go shopping in the store, but they are wearing nothing but bikinis. Being that they are inappropriately dressed, the store manager asks them to come into the store having their shoulders covered next time. The young man ends up quitting his job in the hopes of catching the girls attention. I believe that he wanted to be viewed as the hero for standing up for them even though, the girls were in the wrong for coming into a store dressed that way in the first place (cited in DiYanni, 2007, 36). This story affects the community because there can be different ways that this sort of story can be viewed, and we could all learn from this sort of storyline.A person can tak e something away from what they have read in some form of literature and put it to use into their communities for the future. That something can be as simple as a feeling, viewpoint, or even a new perspective, that can bring a new knowledge on the whole lookout of something. A person with culture added to their life, has a positive affect on our society because they have been enriched with literature. Each individual that reads a poem or a story is affected by it differently. However, the common ground for literature and the community and every person that reads it is this we all must start at the beginning before we get to the last page or line from a poem. This knowledge is something that stays with a person forever not only here, but in every community.ReferencesDi Yanni, R. (2007). Literature reading fiction, poetry, and drama. NewYork McGrawHill Publishing, Inc.

Looking At Elderly Abuse In Developed Countries Social Work Essay

Looking At agedly Abexercising In Developed Countries Social Work EssayAs the population bides to age, it is becoming increasingly important to focus on policies and practices that support and enhance the well world of the honest-to-god creation in later life. One sad earth for many seniors in later life and an increasing cause for concern is sr. villainy. Elder shame is one of the most disturbing and rapidly ontogenesis atomic number 18as of crime doneout the global. It is extremely difficult to exactly quantify the extent of elderly annoyance because many such(prenominal)(prenominal) cases go undetected and under- inform.The World wellness Organization reported that it is worldwidely agreed that deprave of sure-enough(a) people is both an act of commission or of omission or neglect, and it may either be intentional or unintentional (Krug et al., 2002). It results in unnecessary suffering, injury, the loss of violation of human rights, and a decreased quality of life for the ripened someone. interchange sufficient any separate form of domestic violence, call of the hoary initially remained as a private matter unsung from public view. It was initially seen as a affable welf be issue and latter on a problem of maturement, but now has developed into a signifi reart public wellness and criminal justice concern. The value of loving family institution has been tarnished by greed, position-struggle and impatience.Despite elder aversion is non entirely a new issue it is judgment of conviction to find out the prevention ways to be implemented and effective interventions to emerge. There argon a few welf are postulate that go forth be highlighted after so that the young generation capture a strong sense of ac knowledge and commission towards the senior citizen. fourth-yearNowadays, Malaysians are living lifelong they are on an average of 74 eld for men and 78 years for women. In others words, their life expectancy has increase. With the advances in medical care and split up nutrition, older people are living longer, they are more visible, more restless and more in opineent than ever before and they are in die health. Therefore there is a growing concern regarding the global phenomenon of aging. A decline in the birth as well as death rank has resulted in an increase in the aged(a) population. Given that the sr. population is on the rise, it is of paramount importance to examine the care of the older individuals.2005(%)2010(%)Total state26.75 m28.96 m65 and above1.15 m4.3%1.36 m4.7 % This table shows that the total population and the aged of 65 years or above in Malaysia between the year of 2005 and 2010. In 2005, the total population of Malaysia was 26.75 million, and which 1.15 million or 4.3% was aged 65 years and above. Moreover, in 2010, Malaysia currently has a population of nearly 29 million, and aged 65 years and above has increased to 1.36 million or 4.7%. With the projected population g rowth of 2% annually, it pass judgment that the total population in 2020 will rise to 34 million, of which 3.2 million or 9.5% will be the age of 65 years and above. In the year 2035, the country is expected to have a total population of about 46 million of which 6.9 million or 15% will be the aged 65 years and above. This is evident that Malaysias demographic ageing pattern is emerging. Based on the figure showed in this table, the real numbers of older person have increased lately, which likewise means that the number of elderly will continue to grow over the coming year. As the populations of older Malaysian grows, so there has a hidden problem of elder cry. Further, the number of elderly with chronic disease is likely to increase. This can pose an increased burden on their health professionals such as family members, and it could unfold to a higher risk of elderly convolute.Elder ill-treatmentElder abuse is a one or repeated act or fate of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of institutionalise which causes harm or di stock to an older person (Action on Elder Abuse 1995). The wilful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment with resulting strong-arm harm or pain or mental anguish, or the wilful deprivation by a caretaker of goods or operate which are necessary to avoid physical harm, mental anguish or mental illness (1985 Elder Abuse Prevention, Identification Treatment Act). According to the Swanson (1999), elder abuse refers to the mistreatment of older people by those in a position of trust, power or responsibility for their care. This is a global problem that is likely to intensify in view of the increasing number of older people and the changing socio-economic and environmental conditions oecumenic (Randel et al. 1999). Further, Hazzard (1995) described elder abuse as cruel and inhumane treatment of the elderly. Kapur (1997) defines it as a kind of ha rassment or an injustice done to the elderly by the family members themselves. In fact, there is too many definition of elder abuse but despite this, most would agree with this definition an action or inaction by someone in a position of trust oft a family member or unrelated caregiver. Normally, more than two-thirds of the maltreaters are their family members and are typically giving their radical needs or care support such as food, shelter, personal care or transportation. In others word, someone who commits elder abuse usually has control or influence over the older person. The older persons often know and trust the abusers. Some victims of elder abuse depend on the people who hurt them, sometimes for food, shelter, personal care, or transportation. Therefore, the abusers could be their family members, friend someone the older people relies on for basic needs or staff in group residential settings such as care homes or in long term health care facilities.The Prevalence of Elder ly Abuse in Five Developed CountriesCountryPrevalence (%)USA3.2Canada4.0Finland5.4Netherlands5.6United Kingdom5.0The accepted prevalence rates of abuse of older people are drawn from five community surveys carried out in developed countries, which are USA, Canada, Finland, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The prevalence of the elderly abuse in USA with dowry is 3.2%, in Canada is 4.0%, in Finland is 5.4%, in Netherlands is 5.6% and United Kingdom is 5.0%.But in Malaysia, the information and data of elderly abuse is scarce. There are no reported cases of elder abuse to the Department of Social Welfare as well as no agency keeps proper records of the incidence of elder abuse in this country. Although this epidemic is virtually unheard of in Malaysia, we are challenged to be aware(predicate) of the many faces of elder abuse in our own society and this issue is overmuch more common than societies admit.Types of elder abuseElder abuse referred to an inappropriate action that causes har ms or distress to an elderly which the older person has expectation trust onto the person. Elder abuse can take in several forms. Elder abuse may take form in physical, psychological, financial, sexual abuse, neglect and forsaking that cause distress to a person who is past retirement age.Physical AbusePhysical elder abuse is non-accidental use of force against an elderly person that results in physical pain, injuries, or mischief (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). This abuse includes not only physical assaults such as hitting or shoving but the inappropriate use of drugs, restraints, or confinement. The physical acts of violence commonly include slapping, hitting, and striking with objects. Indicators of potential physical abuse are broken bones, sprains, or dislocations, unexplained signs of injury such as bruises, welts, or scars, especially if they appear symmetrically on two side of the body, signs of being restrained, such as rope marks on wrists (Elder Abuse.com, 2009). diagnosin g may be difficult even at autopsy as findings may be subtle and invariably some chronic or debilitate disease would be present. The case of an elderly lady from a nursing home referred to the police for suspected physical abuse. Investigations showed that osteomalacia and spontaneous fractures could have accounted for her injuries. However, recognition of physical abuse may not be straightforward, as injuries may be secondary to falls to which the frail elderly are more prone.Emotional abuseEmotional abuse is defined as the infliction of anguish, pain, or distress of elderly. Emotional abuse excessively referred as an act with the intention that causing ablaze pain or injury which often accompanies physical abuse. This abuse may be happens in verbal or nonverbal acts. Verbal forms are include humiliation and ridicule, intimidation through yelling or threats and habitual blaming or scapegoating. Nonverbal aroused elder abuse can take the form of ignoring the elderly person, isol ating an elder from friends or activities and terrorizing or menacing the elderly person (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Therefore, an elderly person who shows fear, passive, draw outn, low self esteem, reluctance to talk openly, insomnia, fatigue and torpidness or behave mimics dementia, such as rocking, sucking, or mumbling to oneself may be abused in the form of emotional abuse.Financial Abuse victimisation of the elderly is in like manner considered as an abuse which includes acts of material or financial exploitation. Financial or material exploitation is defined as the il statutory or improper use of an elders funds, property, or assets (Elder Abuse.com, 2009). Elder financial abuse is one of the most difficult types of elder abuse to recognize due to its leave out of obvious symptoms. Some of these include misuse an elders personal checks, credit cards, or accounts, steal elders cash, income checks, or household goods. Most common example case is the announcements of a che rish that the elderly person has won but they need to pay money to state (Ellen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Besides that, theft of pension checks, threats to enforce the signing or changing of wills or other legal documents, and coercion involving any financial matters also consider as the example of the financial abuse. Indicators of potential financial abuse may include unusual bank account activity, sudden changes in the elders financial condition, or worsening medical conditions due to miss of follow up or unfilled drug prescriptions. Exploitation may also occur in the form of fraud schemes someone may persuade the elderly person to withdraw their life savings in a get rich quick scheme, or contractors convincing the elderly that the house needs repairs which in reality force be unnecessary. Financial abuse is one of the most difficult types of elder abuse to diagnose as the victim may not be aware of its occurrence or may not know how to seek help.Abandonment and NeglectAbandonmen t is defined as the desertion of an elderly person by an individual who had physical custody or otherwise had assumed responsibility for providing care for an elder. It also referred to the action of withdrawing a person or a amour entirely putting aside all care for him or it. Neglect of the elderly is also a form of abuse and is often referred to the refusal or ill to fulfil any part of a persons obligations or duties to an elder. This may be intentional or unintentional neglect. Active neglect is the intentional withholding of basic necessities or care, while passive neglect is not providing basic necessities and care because of a lack of experience, information or ability. Another area to consider is self-neglect where older bighearteds, by choice or ignorance, live in ways that disregard health or safety needs, sometimes to the extent that the disregard also poses a hazard to others. For example, the caregiver may be unable to perform care giving duties such as bathing or ch anging an incontinent elderly person. Therefore, an elderly person with unusual poor hygiene, loss in weight, poor nutrition, skin breakdown, unsuitable clothing, unsafe and unclean living conditions such as no heat or running water, faulty electrical wiring, other fire hazards and smelling of urine may be neglected either intentionally or unintentionally.Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is defined as non-consensual and unwilling sexual contact of any kind. This includes all unwanted sexual activity, such as verbal or suggestive behaviour, fondling, sexual congress or a lack of personal privacy. Besides that, activities such as showing an elderly person pornographic material, forcing the person to watch sex acts, or forcing the elder to undress are also considered sexual elder abuse. Indicators of potential physical abuse are unexplained venereal disease or genital infections, bruises around breasts or genitals, unexplained vaginal or anal bleeding and torn, stained, or bloody underwear (E llen, Tina, Jeanne, 2008). Sexual abuse usually implies a physical sexual relationship with an elderly person without that persons informed consent, though this is not restricted to sexual intercourse but includes other forms of intimate sexual contact. It is often difficult to establish whether sexual abuse has occurred, unless the individual has cognitive impairment.Signs and symptoms of elder abuseSigns and symptoms of elder abuse should be taken seriously. It is vital that we are alert to the possible indicators of abuse. In assessing any situation, it is important to realize that an indicator may be present for reasons other than abuse or neglect. However, if a combination of the following indicators is present there is a need to further explore why those indicators are present. Increase sense of abuse signs and symptoms as well as monitor the progress in suspected cases of abuse. Home care community nurses can play a precise role in detecting suspected cases of elder abuse. However, in Malaysia, we do not as yet have a health care transcription in place for such purposes, although these types of services are only now slowly emerging. Hence the only opportunity for detecting abuse is when the older openhanded twaddles a primary care setting or an emergency department.Characteristics of the Abused ElderMost victims of elder abuse are mentally competent and able to make decisions for them. Most of them able to taking care of their own health needs and do not need constant care. Although some victims of elder abuse are world-widely dependent on their abuser in some way, their dependency is not necessarily because they are mentally incapable or physically frail (Al Loney, 2006). However, if the older people who having mental or physical disability, they may be more vulnerable to be abused. Those at risk are most likely to be female, widowed, frail, cognitively impaired, and chronically ill. The older adults who poor in physical health, highly dependence on the abuser, functional or cognitive impairment and a living arrangement shared with the abuser are consider as risk factors for elder abuse. Normally, older women are more vulnerable to abuse than older men and are burdened with a lifetime of experiences and beliefs that may increase their susceptibility. In most instances, violence and abuse against older women can be sexual, physical or psychological and also can include material or financial abuse and neglect. It can occur in the home, in institutions or as a result of harmful cultural practices that specifically target older women (Breatheinspirit, 2006).There are various studies have looked at factors associated with elder abuse. In the NEAIS report, females and those aged 80 and above were more likely to suffer abuse, family members were the most likely perpetrators and victims of self-neglect were usually depressed, confused or extremely frail. Other studies have besides reported vulnerable elderly as those with physical and mental weaknesses, advanced age, women, those with previous abusive relationships in the family, financial strain and caregiver stress and burn down out.Characteristics of the AbuserThe abuser is most likely the person with whom the elderly person stays with. More often, the abuser is a close relative 80% being spouses and children of the victims, or a close relative. In some cases, elder abuse may be caused to abusers over use of drug or alcohol, history of anti-social behaviour, or mental illness problems. Abuse is more likely to happen when the abuser is going through a period of high stress. It may be the stress of looking after the older person due to old age is a time of weak health, low income, meaningless role, or the death of love ones (Al Loney, 2006). These problems may be creating great unhappiness for older people and then damage the relationships with their family. In extreme cases, this may lead to abuse.Elder abuse often happens because of the abusers power and fully control over an older person. Family members who depend on the elder for financial, housing, or other necessities have a higher risk of occasion an abuser. A caregivers inexperience, a history of family violence, economic dependence on the elder or a blaming personality and unrealistic expectations often contribute to elderly abuse. The abuser may be lack involved in community activities, social services, and even contact with other family members. Besides that, they may lack of family support, facing married conflict, overcrowding and the high burden of care placed on the caregiver. In most of elder abuse cases, the abuser may not allow people to visit or talk to the older person alone.On the other hands, staff in long-term care homes, such as homes for the aged and charitable institutions, magnate involved in abuse the older people in physically or mentally. Abusers are more likely to be staff members who are not able to do their jobs properly (Al Loney, 2006). This may d ue to poor of training, low salary, over-work without pay, or under-staffing. Besides that, it also could be the staffs have personal problems that influence their services to older people which under their care. But, there is no excuse for abuse. The personal circumstances or problems of the caregiver cant be an excuse of elder abuse. These problems may be factors in the abuse, but they do not try to recognize it. It is unmoral because the older people are fully trusted and relies on the caregiver, but the caregiver misuse the trust of the older people to do something that threaten to the older people.Common Reasons Elder Abuse Is Not ReportedThe actual and prevalence of elder abuse is unknown and difficult to measure. Elderly abuse exists in our society but it is seldom reported, and perhaps even less so in an Asiatic society where filial piety and remark for the elderly is traditionally highly regarded. This problem often mud undetected because of poor public awareness and lac k of knowledge among health care personnel. This is because it can cause some adverse effects on the health and quality of life of the elderly. Due to their mental capacity, they are unaware of the help available to them. Therefore, elder abuse is seldom reported. In most situations, elderly are unlikely to report that they are abused as they are fear of embarrassment and fear of losing care support. They are mostly completely under the control of the abuser and depend on the abusers for food, shelter, clothing and health care. Furthermore, they also fear of harm by the abuser. Some of them are lack of awareness they are only suspect but uncertain that is abuse, therefore, the cases of elder abuse is hardly to report and also seldom reported.Risk Factors for elder abuseAbuse of older adults is such a complex issue with no single explanation. However, there are many factors seem to contribute to these critical issues and separately case has its own unique mix of factors.One of the m ost obvious factors is the family dynamics. The habits, values, emotional and coping skills are learned early in life and largely through family interaction. In other words, if unhealthy or violent behaviours go unchecked, abuse may continue when roles are reversed. Therefore, if a child who was previously abused becomes a primary caregiver, there is a probability that the cycle of abuse will continue and be inflicted on a dependent parent.Besides that, inability to cope with stress especially for those non professional caregiver such as spouses, adult children, other relatives and friends find taking care of an elder would caused many responsibilities. This may be extremely stressful to cope with the demands of elder care giving. As a result, the stress of elder care can lead to mental and physical heaths problems that caused caregivers impatient, burned out, and sometimes are unable to keep from lashing out against elders in their care.Next, problem of elderly abuse may also happe n in the nursing home when the staffs who worked are those lacks of experience and training. This is because even caregivers in institutional settings can experience stress at levels that can lead to elder abuse. The nursing home staff may be prone to elder abuse if they lack training, have too many responsibilities and are unsuited to care giving, or they are work under poor conditions.Social closing off can also conceal and perpetuate abuse or neglect. An older person may become isolated due to physical or mental illness, or through the loss of friends and family members. Therefore, isolation does not just conceal abuse and neglect it perpetuates the problem. The result of this isolation can make it easier for an abuser to exploit, neglect or abuse an older person.There is a significantly higher risk for elder abuse if without a caring support network. In addition, if a caregiver imposes isolation to avoid uncovering the abuse, this is also a form of abuse.In addition, sometimes c aregivers who are unable to cope with the long term care giving may react to the stress of too many responsibilities in appropriate ways. These unusual releases way are such as abusing, neglecting the older adults in their care. Also, most of the caregivers cognition is that taking care of the elder is burdensome and without psychological reward. Thus, many of them choose to neglect the older adults.The societys acceptance towards violence can also be a form of factors in contributing the elderly abuse. For example the Canadians see violence in the news, movie and television shows. This wide exposure often leads to a general acceptance or tolerance of violence as an acceptable way of venting frustration or anger. Thus, this tolerance creates an environment which can contribute to abuse and neglect of older adults.The well-being needs of elderlyWelfare needs are necessary for elderly in order to stop the growing elder abuse issue. The government, law and commandment, visual modal ity media, school education, health care providers, family and also elderly have the responsibility to give support the rights of old persons.The governmentThe content Service Program or Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) was established since started in 2004 as a response to the Malaysian Governments desire to inculcate the spirit of patriotism in the hearts and minds of Malaysian youths. Besides to develop the spirit of patriotism, it instils a spirit of caring and volunteerism among members of society as well as to develop positive characteristics among jr. generation through good values. The three-month program is aimed at shaping young people into disciplined, independent and resilient citizens capable of advancing the nation.From this programme, the young generations could learn how to respect the elderly.Welfare pension should be introduced in Malaysia. If elderly do not have the ability to claim maintenance from their financially-able children, they have the pension as a security. It is seen as a way to eradicate poverty. The senior citizens are still able to take care of themselves in spite of they are abandoned by their merciless children.Abuse prevention programme could be introduced by Malaysian government as well. Its purpose is to provide and arrange for services to protect adults who are unable to protect themselves from abuse and provide older adults with information about their rights. For example, Abuse Prevention Programme (APP) in Australia which supports older adults who are being abused, or who are at risk of being abused, by someone with whom they are in a relationship of trust, such as family and friends. APP advocates work in denotation with the older adult, either directly, or with someone else the older person has chosen (their representative). APP can assist them to identify and understand the issues related to abuse of their rights as well as discuss information about options which they can implement to assert their rights. Be sides, it suggests action they can take to stop abuse of their rights and give them with appropriate protagonism support that enables them to have their rights met.In addition, the government can launch adult day care programme, which it enables the caregivers to get time off during the day. Adult day care is a planned program of activities designed to promote well-being though social and health related services. Adult day care centres operate during twenty-four hours hours, Monday through Friday, in a safe, supportive, cheerful environment. It not just provides older persons an opportunity to get out of the house and receive both mental and social stimulation but also gives caregivers a much-needed break in which to attend to personal needs, or simply rest and relax.Law and legislationMalaysia law and legislation also play a vital role in overcoming the elderly abuse problem. Malaysia law can establish a legislative Elder tutelar Act which is warranted to protect our vulnerable e lderly from untold suffering. They have the right to live with dignity and security. For example in all 50 US states have specific adult protection legislation within which issues related to elder abuse and/or neglect are addressed. This legislation is influenced by child welfare models, and is characterised by legal powers of investigation, intervention and mandatory reporting. In the absence of federal mandates, states have been developing their own responses to adult abuse, neglect and exploitation. Legislative Elder protective(p) Act should be implemented by the government to safeguard the rights of our vulnerable elderly.Suggestion has been made for the government of Malaysia to adopt a law which allowing the elderly parents to claim maintenance from their financially-able children. This can be learned from the country of Singapore where the Maintenance of Parents Act enables parents above 60 years old who cannot support themselves to seek legal action forcing their children to provide maintenance for them.The government of Malaysia should also tighten the law and can used country of India as an example. In India, children could be imprisoned or fined or be subjected to both if they abandon their elderly parents. The Tamil Nadu government is set to notify rules for the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, to help tribunals in each district decide on the order of maintenance for elderly citizens, who complain about being neglected by their children. Therefore, the government is committed to develop such services and formulate policies against elder abuse in Malaysia.Malaysia, being one of a few countries that uphold Syariah Law has Islamic Law that governs the welfare of family matters including the ageing parents, following the case in which a couple sued their daughter for not providing sufficient maintenance as what they have agreed.Elder abuse is a subject field problem with far reaching consequences for individuals, famil ies, communities, and institutions. The state courts must play a critical role in addressing the needs of victims of elder abuse. The courts ability to assist older persons essentially determines whether individuals live their remaining years with respect and dignity, or are further alienated from the justice system with personal safety.Mass MediaMass media also plays a quite significant role in minimizing the problem of elderly abuse in Malaysia. The media was often blamed as one of the sources of the negative images of older adults in society. It was seen as important to work with the media to change these negative images, to raise awareness and to educate the population about elder abuse. They are able to thrill the public to be aware of this social issue by utilizing mass media such as televisions, radio networks, internet, newspaper, magazines, etc.Nevertheless the problem often remains undetected because of poor public awareness and lack of knowledge among healthcare personne l. Therefore, the print as well as electronic media are to play active roles to increase the societys awareness of the elderly.Media coverage of elder abuse cases can make the public knowledgeable about-and outraged against-abusive treatment in those settings. Due to most abuse occurs in the home by family members or caregivers, there needs to be a concerted effort to educate the public about the special needs and problems of the elderly and about the risk factors for abuse. Within mass media cultures, social issues such as elder abuse, have key reference points which can attract punishing coverage of the topic and carry influential associations in public perceptions. For example, in USA, the Indochina Sino-American Community Centreformed a coalition called Chinese Americans Restoring Elders, they used mass media to encourage the public to contact the Community Centre for matters related to elder abuse provided some individual counselling sessions and conducted a press conference a nd distributed brochures and flyers in Chinatown to commemorate World Elder Abuse Awareness Day.The television networks always played the advertisements that have the influence on the public over the caring of the elderly. want the PESTRONAS during religious or cultural holidays (namely Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali) are often accompanied by touching advertisement that convey the message to show love and care to our parents.School EducationEducation is the cornerstone of preventing elder abuse. This education needs to start very early, in primary school.The students need to be meliorate to perceive to older adults more favourably as positive contributors to society. The elderly do not necessary mean burden to the family or society. With their wealth of knowledge and experience, they can still contribute to economic development and wealth creation. They have contributed to the development of the nation in their earlier years and they can still continue to be productive in their golden years. The students should consider senior citizens are an important and integral part of our society.Students need to understand the interpersonal dynamic of care-giving. For example, they need to be award of the value placed on the dependency and inter-dependency in care-giving role reversals in care-giving and how unresolved emotions between the elderly and the care-giver influence the care-giving process.The school class is to include education on the family to enable the younger generation to understand and appreciate the elderly. They need to be encouraged to form closer relationships with older adults. The general population also needs to be aware that elder abuse happens and is a problem. Students need to understand the subtle difference between abuse, neglect and desertion theoretically as well as operationally. The moral education teachers not just teach theoretically but also operationally. What is more, the schools should organise a numbers of the activit ies like visiting old folks hou

Canadian Press Coverage in the Middle East :: Canada Media Middle East News Essays

Canadian Press Coverage in the Middle EastIn December 1985, the Canadian press reported the death by suicide of hundreds of field mice in the Middle East. In an apparently instinctive reaction to a problem of over-population, the mice willfully plunged to their doom off the cliffs of the Golan Heights. This bizarre story was the subject not only of straight news coverage in the Canadian press, precisely also of an editorial in the Globe and Mail on December 20. On November 1, 1985, the Globe and Mail also ran a photograph of a visit Roman Catholic priest from Brazil, saying prayers on the banks of the Jordan River at the site where Christ is said to have been baptized. Standing alertly near the priest was an Israeli soldier with a rifle slung over his shoulder, his eyes carefully scanning Jordanian territory across the river. For the analyst of the media and media count on-making, these rather unusual press items kindle an interesting question almost news selection and presentati on by the editorial departments of the daily press. Had the mice toppled off Mount Kilimanjaro would this essentially scientific story about animal behavior have found its way so prominently into the Canadian press? Had the priest been peacefully saying mass on the smoke would this religious item have been deemed worthy of coverage? Or was it the newspapers sense of the irony of these sluicets, of their news value as symbols depicting the pervasive conflict and fury we have come to associate with the Middle East that led to their selection for publication from the reams of teletype endlessly flowing into the editorial departments of the Canadian press? It would seem that even when the subject matter is scientific or religious--about mice or monsignors--the press is inclined to remind its readers of the inherently violent nature of the Middle East, and a fundamentally contradict image is developed or reinforced. It is, Canadians are told in effect, a region so bleak and hopeless that even its despairing mice are driven to suck up their lives. The purpose of this study is to examine in an empirical fashion Canadian daily press coverage of the Middle East to establish, inter alias, what type of image of the region and of its principal actors (Israel, the Palestinians and the Arab states) is, in fact, resented to the Canadian reader and what impact, if any, the character of that coverage has had on the shaping of Canadian foreign policy.

Stem Cells Essay -- Biology Science Stem Cell Research Essays

Stem cells are a large focus of study in todays bio medical checkup world. They are cells that exist in an dedifferentiated state, and transform into differing tissue fibres depending on what the cells surrounding them are. The different types of stanch cells wealthy person the ability to repair many classes of damaged human tissue. However, only one type of stem cell promises to regenerate virtually any class of tissue. This is the highly controversial embryonic stem cell (ESC). Unfortunately, there is a dark font to the ESC. To obtain these cells from embryos give ultimately kill it. By comment, the acquisition of the ESC includes performing an abortion. This has created a great stir in the public world, where abortion is such a hot topic that politicians are hesitant to take either side. The embryonic stem cell is todays Pandoras Box. With this option now operational in the medical world, everyone involved with this topic must make a difficult ethical decision whether or not saving existing living is worth the termination of potential future life. As expected, there are two sides to the stem cell argument. One side is all in estimate of their use, and the opposite side is dead-set against it. Stem cells come at a high price, yet this price is well worth the saved lives they can offer.In bon ton to develop an opinion on whether or not stem cells should be used, one first must understand what they are and how they are used. Simply stated, the definition of a stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, meaning that it has no true function yet. However, all of the genes within a human stem cell have the potential to become other types of cells. The triggering mechanism for this is for the stem cells to be placed among specialized cells. Specialized cells include skin cells, muscle cells, or any other type of cell that has a specific function in the body. One of the most popular examplesand one of the most effectiveis the neuron example. This was original ly observed at the University of Madison at Wisconsin in 1997. In the disease Multiple Scleroses, the myelin sheath cling toing the neuron is missing. In the absence of myelin to protect the neuron, pain is a constant sensation. Researchers at UMW gathered a group of mice, which were genetically deficient of myelin. When the undifferentiated embryonic cells were implanted into their spines, the cells were able to sense that the myeli... ...he medical world wishes to be able to repair damage within the human body. While it is true that obtaining stem cells destroys life, the benefit to the greater good greatly outweighs the remnant of potential life resulting from a fertilized egg. With an infinite supply of stem cells from just a few lines, all defective tissues can be replaced. Those working in the medical world can greatly improve the quality of human life. With stem cells used in general practice in hospitals, people will live longer, healthier, lives. Many diseases would be completely eradicated, and injuries would cease to be crippling to so many people. However, only when scientists and doctors fully understand how to implement the embryonic stem cell, can all this happen. With funding and admit for just a handful more stem cell lines, the medical world could be supplied with an infinite make sense of stem cells to cure patients. When doctors have all of the lines they need, then they can cease destroying embryos to obtain the stem cells they require. The biological world and the field of stem cells specifically, require the support of the federal government as well as the people to make this possible./i

The Tale of Robin Hood Essay -- Analysis, Sherwood Forest

THESIS STATEMENTAlthough only slightly factual in historical setting, the legends of Robin Hood hurl bewitch the imaginations of young and old alike through the charming stories concerning the characters of Sherwood Forest.PURPOSE STATEMENTThrough critical analysis and research concerning the legends and characters surrounding Robin Hood, this paper provide present the theme of social justice for the common man as purported by the Merry Men of Sherwood Forest.INTRODUCTIONThe tale of Robin Hood has evolved into 1 of the greatest legends of all time and has fascinated the minds of all who have heard about it. The stories surrounding Robin Hood and his adventures took place in the forests of Sherwood and Barnsdale dating natural covering to the fifteenth century. The first collection that comes to mind when dealing with this legend is who was the real Robin Hood? Amazingly, speculation regarding this question still exists today and the tale has survived more than than seven hu ndred years. Now the real question has to be why is this Robin Hood such a fixating topic? Since there is such logical argument over the real Robin Hood, for the most part he is a fictional character. He has now been adapted to a man of the movies where every theater director has a different mass of who he might have been. Their vision was usually of a heroic figure even though he could have more easily been considered a villain for what he did for a living. the image of Robin as a clever, lighthearted prankster gained strength. The tales in which he appeared as a highway robber and murderer were forgotten or rewritten (Wickersham 12). It has a gotten to a point where now every child has a heroic vision of Robin Hood whereas the early ballads and oral tr... ...que. There is an explanation to why historians have obsessed over Robin Hood and it is not just to feel out if there was a man who lived up to such surreal standards. He is a legend and loved by all for a flat c oat and that is he was not afraid to stand up and fight for what he believed in. His message to the law and what we learn from his legend is clear. It is a warning that injustice cannot be tolerated just because it is part of the system, for the anger which such injustice in the end awakens is unrestrained. (Keen 218). Robin Hood lived motivated to fight against those he believed to be undeserving and in doing so he ended up standing up for the common man. This was his legacy in what he perceived as a noble quest for social justice. Real or imaginary, Robin Hood will continue to captivate the minds of all readers and his legend will never die.

Jay Gatsby is a Sympathetic Character in Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby Essa

In F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby provides the reviewer with a unique outlook on the life of the newly rich. Gatsby is an enigma and a capacity of great curiosity, furthermore, he is content with a lot in life until he strives too hard. His obsession with wealth, his lonely life and his delusion allow the reader to sympathize with him. Initially, Gatsby stirs up sympathetic feelings because of his obsession with wealth. Ever since meeting Dan Cody, his fascination for wealth has increased dramatically. He even uses illegal unmoral methods to obtain hefty amounts of wealth to spend on buying a house with Marie Antoinette music-rooms, Restoration Salons, dressing rooms and poolrooms, and bath rooms with sunken baths. (88) His wardrobe is just as scandalmongering with shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine fennel. (89) Gatsby buys such posh items to impress Daisy but to him, Daisy herself is a symbol of wealth. Jay remarks, Daisys voice is full of money. ( 115). For him, Daisy is the one who is High in a white palace the kings daughter, the golden gir...